Pumpkin seeds: a magnesium food whose best trial is about the oil

The strongest trial evidence with pumpkin seeds in its name is about an oil capsule. A network meta-analysis of 19 randomized trials in 1,658 people with pattern hair loss found pumpkin seed oil raised hair density over placebo, a standardized difference of 0.59 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.09). Only a few trials sat behind each of the 16 supplements it compared. Nobody in those trials was eating the seeds. The seed itself is a dense source of minerals. Eight USDA samples of raw pepitas held 469 to 511 mg of magnesium per 3.5 oz (100 g), so a 28 g ounce of shelled seeds gives about 140 mg. The UK food table lists only 270 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g), and the reason for that gap is not known, so read the magnesium as high but uncertain. Selenium ran from 0 to 65 micrograms per 3.5 oz (100 g) across the same eight samples, too wide for any single figure to mean much.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

As people eat it, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• USDA analysis of 8 samples of raw pumpkin seeds found 6.3 mg zinc per 3.5 oz (100 g) on average with a wide range of 4.3 to 10 mg, and about 500 mg magnesium. — raw pumpkin seed kernels (pepitas), USDA Foundation Foods (n = 8) Evidence E source
  Zinc 6.341 mg/100 g (range 4.34-10.0); magnesium 499.7 mg/100 g (range 468.5-511.0); iron 8.363 mg/100 g (range 7.84-9.42)
• Eight USDA Foundation samples of raw pepitas held 469 to 511 mg magnesium, 1120 to 1190 mg phosphorus and 7.8 to 9.4 mg iron per 3.5 oz (100 g), while selenium ranged from 0 to 65 micrograms. — raw pumpkin seed kernels (pepitas), 8 analyzed samples, USDA Foundation Foods (n = 8 samples) Evidence E source
  Magnesium 499.7 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) (468.5 to 511), phosphorus 1150 mg (1120 to 1190), iron 8.36 mg (7.84 to 9.42), copper 1.23 mg (1.1 to 1.32), manganese 4.12 mg (3.65 to 4.94), selenium 20.5 micrograms (0 to 64.7)
• The UK food composition table lists pumpkin seeds at 270 mg magnesium and 850 mg phosphorus per 3.5 oz (100 g), roughly half and three quarters of the USDA Foundation values for raw pepitas. — pumpkin seeds, UK composition table entry 14-842 compared with USDA Foundation raw pepitas Evidence E source
  Magnesium 270 vs 499.7 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) (46% apart), phosphorus 850 vs 1150 mg (26% apart), iron 10.0 vs 8.36 mg, zinc 6.6 mg, energy 565 calories, fat 45.6 g, protein 24.4 g

What a real portion looks like

• In the US dietary survey database an ounce of shelled pumpkin seeds weighs 0.99 oz (28 g) and a cup 144 g, while an ounce bought in the shell yields only 15 g of seed. — Pumpkin seeds, NFS, FNDDS food code 43101050 Evidence E source
  1 oz without shell 28 g, 1 cup without shell 144 g, 1 oz in shell yields 15 g, 1 cup in shell yields 46 g, 1 package 50 g

What your body absorbs

• WHO notes that routine iron supplements in pregnancy may compete with zinc for absorption, as may calcium supplements, and that diets low in animal protein and high in cereals are low in bioavailable zinc. — pregnant women Evidence E source
  Iron and calcium supplements compete with zinc for absorption; zinc requirement roughly doubles in the third trimester

What cooking and storage change

• By the USDA retention table for nuts and seeds when roasted, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper stay at 100 percent while phosphorus and folate fall to 80 percent and thiamin to 85 percent. — Nut and Seed Products group (USDA code 12), roasting, factors set on the group rather than on pumpkin seeds by name Evidence E source
  Magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, calcium, potassium 100% retained; phosphorus 80%, folate 80%, thiamin 85%, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B6 95%

What it does to your health

• A 2021 Cochrane review of 25 trials with over 18,000 women found zinc supplements in pregnancy may make little or no difference to preterm birth. — healthy pregnant women given zinc supplements vs no zinc or placebo, started before 27 weeks (n = 9851) Evidence A source
  Preterm birth RR 0.87 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.03); 21 studies; low-certainty evidence
• The same Cochrane review found zinc supplements probably make little or no difference to low birthweight or small for gestational age babies. — pregnant women in RCTs of zinc supplementation vs placebo or no zinc (n = 7399) Evidence A source
  Low birthweight RR 0.94 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.13; 17 studies, 7399 participants); SGA RR 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12; 9 studies); mean birthweight MD 13.83 g (-15.81 to 43.46); moderate to low certainty
• A 2014 Cochrane review of 10 trials with 9,090 women found oral magnesium in pregnancy made no significant difference to perinatal death, small babies or pre-eclampsia. — pregnant women randomized to oral magnesium supplements vs placebo or no treatment (n = 9090) Evidence A source
  Perinatal mortality RR 1.10 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.67); SGA RR 0.76 (0.54 to 1.07); pre-eclampsia RR 0.87 (0.58 to 1.32)
• In a randomized crossover trial in 15 healthy adults, adding 2.3 oz (65 g) of pumpkin seed to a high-carbohydrate meal cut the post-meal glucose response by about 35 percent in a single sitting. — normoglycemic adults, glycemia measured in 15 (food intake in 25), three test meals on nonconsecutive days (n = 15) Evidence B source
  Glucose iAUC about 35% lower than control meal (P = .025), flaxseed no significant difference, no change in appetite or energy intake
• A German case-control study of 2,884 postmenopausal breast cancer cases linked eating sunflower and pumpkin seeds with lower breast cancer risk than eating none. — 2,884 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 5,509 controls, Germany, food frequency questionnaire (n = 8393) Evidence C source
  OR = 0.66 for sunflower and pumpkin seeds vs no consumption (CI printed as 0.77-0.97 in the abstract)

Safety, limits and interactions

• A Turkish case series of 25 children with IgE-mediated pumpkin seed allergy found anaphylaxis in 64 percent, and most also reacted to tree nuts or other seeds. — children with IgE-mediated pumpkin seed allergy at a tertiary allergy clinic in Turkey, 2016 to 2024 (n = 25) Evidence D source
  Anaphylaxis 64%; co-allergy tree nuts 76%, other seeds 72%; pumpkin pulp tolerated by all
• A UK survey of 3,735 retail dried seed samples found E. coli in 9 percent and unsatisfactory levels in 1.5 percent, with pumpkin seeds among the affected seeds. — retail edible dried seeds sampled in the United Kingdom, 2007 to 2008 (n = 3735) Evidence C source
  Salmonella 0.6% of samples (none named as pumpkin); E. coli 9%; unsatisfactory E. coli 1.5% including pumpkin seeds
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, the upper limit of 350 mg magnesium for adults applies only to supplements and medicines, since magnesium from food is cleared by healthy kidneys. — healthy adults; risk higher with impaired kidney function Evidence E source
  UL 350 mg/day for supplemental magnesium; no UL for food magnesium in healthy people
• In a Turkish clinic series of 25 children with IgE-mediated pumpkin seed allergy, 64 percent had anaphylaxis, and every child still tolerated pumpkin flesh. — 25 children diagnosed at a tertiary pediatric allergy clinic in Turkey, 2016 to 2024, median age at diagnosis 2.98 years (n = 25) Evidence D source
  Anaphylaxis 64%, co-allergy to tree nuts 76% and other seeds 72%, watermelon seed sensitization 83%, pumpkin pulp tolerated in all
• A 2-year-old already allergic to milk and egg had anaphylaxis after eating pumpkin seeds while eating pumpkin flesh daily without trouble. — one 2-year-old child on an elimination diet for cow's milk and egg allergy (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Skin-prick test 5 mm to seed vs 1 mm to pulp, specific IgE 1.34 kUA/L seed vs 0.37 pulp, IgE to sesame, buckwheat and walnut storage proteins
• A UK survey of 3,735 retail dried seed samples found E. coli in 9 percent and unsatisfactory levels in 1.5 percent, pumpkin seeds among them. — 3,735 samples of retail edible dried seeds, United Kingdom, October 2007 to March 2008 (n = 3735) Evidence C source
  Salmonella in 0.6% of all seeds (none named in pumpkin), E. coli 9%, unsatisfactory E. coli (>= 10^2/g) 1.5% including pumpkin samples
• A 62-year-old man needed manual disimpaction and colonoscopy for a rectal bezoar made of pumpkin seeds. — one man aged 62, United States (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Fecal impaction from a seed bezoar, treated by manual disimpaction and colonoscopy

What people believe that the data does not support

• A 2025 meta-analysis of 77 trials reported that zinc alone in healthy pregnancies was linked to less fetal growth restriction (RR 0.23), while adding zinc to iron and folate gave no extra benefit. — pregnant women in RCTs of prenatal zinc supplementation, search to March 2025 (n = 77 RCTs) Evidence A source
  Fetal intrauterine growth retardation RR 0.23 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.35); birth length SMD 0.66 (0.21 to 1.12); no added benefit of zinc-iron-folate vs iron-folate
• A meta-analysis of 4 trials with 332 pregnant women found magnesium supplements did not reduce the frequency of leg cramps. — pregnant women with leg cramps in RCTs of oral magnesium (n = 332) Evidence A source
  Frequency of leg cramps WMD -0.47 (95% CI -1.14 to 0.20); recovery OR 0.47 (0.14 to 1.52)
• A systematic review of 50 studies on medicinal plant use by pregnant women in Africa found Cucurbita pepo among the three most cited plants, used for nausea and as a nutritional supplement. — pregnant women in African studies of medicinal plant use (n = 50 studies) Evidence C source
  Prevalence of medicinal plant use 2% to 100%; Cucurbita pepo among the most cited species; few adverse effects reported
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, pregnant women need 3 mg more zinc a day than other women, and 11 percent of pregnant women in the US fall below the average requirement. — pregnant women in the United States, NHANES 2001 to 2014 Evidence E source
  Zinc requirement +3 mg/day in pregnancy; 11% of pregnant women below the EAR from foods and supplements
• WHO in 2021 kept its position that zinc supplements are not part of routine antenatal care and are recommended only in rigorous research. — pregnant women in routine antenatal care Evidence E source
  No routine zinc supplementation; adequate nutrition through a healthy, balanced diet
• The hair-growth evidence is for pumpkin seed oil capsules: a network meta-analysis of 19 trials in 1,658 people with pattern hair loss found the oil raised hair density over placebo. — 19 RCTs, 1,658 patients with androgenetic alopecia, 16 dietary supplements compared (n = 1658) Evidence A source
  Hair density SMD 0.59 hairs/cm2 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.09) for pumpkin seed oil vs placebo, top SUCRA ranking in blinded assessment
• The published clinical support for seed cycling with pumpkin seeds is a single case report, in which the woman also took myo-inositol and folic acid and conceived through ICSI. — one 29-year-old woman with polycystic ovary syndrome and primary infertility, India (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Regular cycles and BMI 29 to 24 after 6 months, but seed cycling was one of several interventions

Who this works differently for

• In women with gestational diabetes, a meta-analysis of 5 trials with 266 patients found magnesium supplements lowered fasting glucose by 7.33 mg/dL without changing preterm birth. — women with gestational diabetes in RCTs of magnesium supplementation (n = 266) Evidence A source
  Fasting plasma glucose MD -7.33 mg/dL (95% CI -7.64 to -7.02); HOMA-IR MD -0.99; preterm delivery OR 0.42 (0.06 to 2.95), not significant
• In 8 non-pregnant women of reproductive age, 4 weeks of 30 g pumpkin seed kernels plus iron-fortified cereal daily raised serum iron from 60 to 85 micrograms per dL. — healthy single or non-pregnant women aged 20 to 37; 30 g pumpkin seed kernels (4.0 mg iron) plus 30 g fortified cereal (7.1 mg iron) daily for 4 weeks (n = 8) Evidence C source
  Serum iron 60 +/- 22 to 85 +/- 23 ug/dL; transferrin saturation 16.8% to 25.6%; TIBC 367 to 339 ug/dL
• Eight women who ate 1.1 oz (30 g) of pumpkin seed kernels plus 1.1 oz (30 g) of iron-fortified cereal daily for four weeks had serum iron rise from 60 to 85 micrograms per dL, with no control group. — 8 healthy non-pregnant women aged 20 to 37, 30 g pumpkin seed kernels (4.0 mg iron) plus 30 g fortified cereal (7.1 mg iron) daily for 4 weeks (n = 8) Evidence C source
  Serum iron 60 +/- 22 to 85 +/- 23 ug/dl, transferrin saturation 16.8 to 25.6%, TIBC 367 to 339 ug/dl
• In a 1987 trial in 20 Thai boys aged 2 to 7 from an area with endemic bladder stones, pumpkin seed at 60 mg per kg daily lowered calcium oxalate crystals in urine compared with orthophosphate. — 20 boys aged 2 to 7 years, hyperendemic bladder-stone area of Ubol province, Thailand (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Lower calcium-oxalate crystal occurrence and urinary calcium, higher phosphorus, pyrophosphate, glycosaminoglycans and potassium than with orthophosphate; size not given in the abstract
• In a trial in 23 postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure, 3 g a day of pumpkin seed oil for 6 weeks lowered brachial and central systolic pressure, while placebo did not. — postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure, pumpkin seed oil 3 g/day (n = 12) or placebo (n = 11), 6 weeks (n = 23) Evidence B source
  Brachial and central systolic BP and augmentation index decreased (P < 0.05) after oil, not after placebo; arterial stiffness and heart rate variability unchanged

What is still unknown

• The only PubMed-indexed study of pumpkin seeds in pregnant women was a 2022 pilot of 14 women in rural India that compared questionnaire scores and reported no measured hemoglobin change. — antenatal mothers aged 19 to 34 at 16 to 36 weeks, rural Amalapuram Mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India (n = 14) Evidence C source
  No control group; outcomes by structured questionnaire; no hemoglobin values or seed dose reported in the text
• Pumpkin seed allergens are still poorly characterized, so which proteins cause reactions and how they cross-react with other seeds and nuts is not settled. — pediatric allergy case literature Evidence D source
  No defined major allergen, cross-reactivity inferred from storage protein homology
• The only trial of pumpkin seed and blood sugar tested a single 2.3 oz (65 g) serving in 15 adults, and its authors say the effect still needs confirming in long-term studies. — normoglycemic adults, single test meals (n = 15) Evidence B source
  No long-term glycemic trial of whole pumpkin seeds found in the corpus

The bottom line

Every study of the seed as food is small. Adding 2.3 oz (65 g) of pumpkin seed to a high-carbohydrate meal cut the post-meal glucose response by about 35 percent in 15 healthy adults, in a single sitting and with more than two ounces of seed. The authors say it still needs testing over the long term, and we found no longer trial. Eight women who ate 1.1 oz (30 g) of kernels with 1.1 oz (30 g) of iron-fortified cereal every day for four weeks saw serum iron rise from 60 to 85 micrograms per dL. There was no control group, and the cereal carried 7.1 mg of the iron against 4.0 mg from the seeds, so the seed's share cannot be separated out. In 23 postmenopausal women with raised blood pressure, 3 g a day of pumpkin seed oil for six weeks lowered systolic pressure while placebo did not, and the abstract does not say by how much. In 1987, 20 Thai boys aged 2 to 7 from an area with endemic bladder stones had fewer calcium oxalate crystals in their urine on pumpkin seed than on orthophosphate. That is a urine marker in one unusual population, not a count of stones. A German case-control study of 2,884 women with breast cancer linked eating sunflower and pumpkin seeds with lower risk than eating none, an odds ratio of 0.66. The two seeds were counted together, diet was recalled from memory, and the confidence interval printed in the abstract, 0.77 to 0.97, does not contain its own estimate. The popular idea of seed cycling for hormones rests on one case report of a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome who also took myo-inositol and folic acid and conceived through ICSI, so the seeds cannot be credited with anything there. Roasting is gentle on the minerals. By the USDA factors for roasted nuts and seeds as a group, magnesium, iron and zinc stay at 100 percent, while thiamin falls to 85 percent and folate to 80. If you buy them in the shell, an ounce yields only 15 g of seed. The caution that matters most is allergy. In a Turkish clinic series of 25 children with pumpkin seed allergy, 64 percent had anaphylaxis, and every one of them still ate pumpkin flesh without trouble. Three in four of them were also allergic to tree nuts. A separate case describes a 2-year-old, already allergic to milk and egg, who reacted the same way. Tolerating pumpkin tells you nothing about the seed, and which seed proteins cause these reactions is still not worked out. In a UK survey of 3,735 retail dried seeds from 2007 and 2008, E. coli turned up in 9 percent and at unsatisfactory levels in 1.5 percent, pumpkin seeds among them, without a separate share given for pumpkin. One 62-year-old man needed manual disimpaction and colonoscopy for a rectal blockage made of pumpkin seeds. We found no study of how well the minerals in the seed are absorbed and none in people with kidney disease.

Compared with other foods

Sources

1. ev-pspg-16 · food composition dataset
   Seeds, pumpkin seeds (pepitas), raw | Zinc 6.341 mg per 100 g (range 4.34-10.0, n=8) | Magnesium 499.7 mg per 100 g (range 468.5-511.0, n=8) | Iron 8.363 mg per 100 g (range 7.84-9.42, n=8)
   USDA FoodData Central, Foundation Foods (release 2026-04-30), FDC 2515380, Seeds, pumpkin seeds (pepitas), raw · checked 2026-10-07
2. pks-r5-01 · USDA FoodData Central Foundation Foods, dataset
   Seeds, pumpkin seeds (pepitas), raw (FDC 2515380, Foundation): Magnesium 499.7 MG range 468.5-511.0 n=8; Phosphorus 1150.0 MG range 1120.0-1190.0 n=8; Iron 8.363 MG range 7.84-9.42 n=8; Copper 1.225 MG range 1.1-1.32 n=8; Manganese 4.121 MG range 3.65-4.94 n=8; Selenium 20.52 UG range 0.0-64.7 n=8
   USDA FoodData Central, Foundation Foods, FDC 2515380, release 2026-04-30 · checked 2026-09-29
3. pks-r5-02 · CoFID 2021, dataset
   CoFID 14-842 Pumpkin seeds: Energy (kcal) 565; Fat (g) 45.6; Protein (g) 24.4; Copper (mg) 1.57; Iron (mg) 10.00; Magnesium (mg) 270; Phosphorus (mg) 850; Zinc (mg) 6.6
   CoFID 2021 (Public Health England), code 14-842, OGL v3.0 · checked 2026-09-29
4. pks-r5-04 · USDA FNDDS, dataset
   Pumpkin seeds, NFS (FNDDS 43101050, fdc_id 2707579): 1 cup, without shell 144 g; 1 cup, in shell, yields 46 g; 1 oz, without shell 28 g; 1 oz, in shell, yields 15 g; 1 package 50 g; Quantity not specified 28 g
   USDA FNDDS, FDC 2707579 (food code 43101050) · checked 2026-09-29
5. ev-pspg-14 · agency guideline
   In addition, routine iron supplementation may prevent women from meeting their zinc requirements by competing with zinc for absorption (3). This may also occur with calcium supplements and foods fortified with inorganic calcium salts (1).
   World Health Organization, WHO antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience. Nutritional interventions update: zinc supplements during pregnancy, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
6. pks-r5-03 · USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, dataset
   USDA-RETN-R6:2203 NUTS,ROASTED, group Nut and Seed Products: phosphorus_mg 80% retained, folate_total_ug 80%, thiamin_mg 85%, riboflavin_mg 95%, niacin_mg 95%, vitamin_b6_mg 95%, magnesium_mg 100%, iron_mg 100%, zinc_mg 100%, copper_mg 100%
   USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6, 2007, Retn_Code 2203 · checked 2026-09-29
7. ev-pspg-01 · meta-analysis
   The evidence suggests that zinc supplementation may result in little or no difference in reducing preterm births (risk ratio (RR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.03; 21 studies, 9851 participants; low-certainty evidence).
   Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
8. ev-pspg-02 · meta-analysis
   Finally, for other birth outcomes, zinc supplementation may make little or no difference to mean birthweight (MD 13.83, 95% CI -15.81 to 43.46; 22 studies, 7977 participants; low-certainty evidence), and probably makes little or no difference in reducing the risk of low birthweight (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.13; 17 studies, 7399 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and small-for-gestational age babies when compared to placebo or no zinc supplementation (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.12; 9 studies, 5330 participants; moderate-certainty evidence).
   Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
9. ev-pspg-04 · meta-analysis
   In the analysis of all trials, oral magnesium supplementation compared to no magnesium was associated with no significant difference in perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal death prior to discharge) (risk ratio (RR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 1.67; five trials, 5903 infants), small-for-gestational age (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.07; three trials, 1291 infants), or pre-eclampsia (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.58 to 1.32; three trials, 1042 women).
   Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014 · checked 2026-10-07
10. pks-r5-05 · randomized crossover trial
    Glucose iAUC was significantly lower in P compared with C (reduction of ~35%, P = .025).
    Nutr Res, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
11. pks-r5-09 · case-control study
    High and low consumption of soybeans as well as of sunflower and pumpkin seeds were associated with significantly reduced breast cancer risk compared to no consumption (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.70-0.97; and OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.77-0.97, respectively).
    Nutr Cancer, 2012 · checked 2026-09-29
12. ev-pspg-10 · case series
    Twenty-five children (76% boys) were identified, with a median diagnosis age of 2.98 years. Immediate reactions were universal, and anaphylaxis occurred in 64%.
    Allergy Asthma Proc, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
13. ev-pspg-11 · prevalence survey
    E. coli was detected in 9% of samples, with 1.5% containing unsatisfactory levels (> or = 10(2)/g). These included melon, pumpkin, sesame, hemp, poppy, linseed, sunflower and mixed seeds.
    Food Microbiol, 2009 · checked 2026-10-07
14. ev-pspg-15 · agency position
    The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for supplemental magnesium is 350 mg for adults, and it ranges from 65 to 350 mg for children and adolescents, depending on age. Too much magnesium from food does not pose a health risk in healthy individuals because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts in the urine [29].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
15. pks-r5-10 · retrospective case series
    Twenty-five children (76% boys) were identified, with a median diagnosis age of 2.98 years. Immediate reactions were universal, and anaphylaxis occurred in 64%. ... Pumpkin pulp was tolerated in all the patients.
    Allergy Asthma Proc, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
16. pks-r5-11 · case report
    CONCLUSIONS: Pumpkin seed anaphylaxis can develop in a child with a tolerance to pumpkin pulp.
    Nutrition, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
17. pks-r5-12 · cross-sectional survey
    E. coli was detected in 9% of samples, with 1.5% containing unsatisfactory levels (> or = 10(2)/g). These included melon, pumpkin, sesame, hemp, poppy, linseed, sunflower and mixed seeds.
    Food Microbiol, 2009 · checked 2026-09-29
18. pks-r5-13 · case report
    We report a case of a man, aged 62 years, with a rectal bezoar composed of pumpkin seeds with complications necessitating extensive treatment, including manual disimpaction and colonoscopy.
    Clin Med Res, 2012 · checked 2026-09-29
19. ev-pspg-03 · meta-analysis
    Compared with no zinc, zinc monotherapy among healthy pregnant women resulted in higher serum zinc level (standard mean difference (SMD) the second trimester = 0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.44; SMDthe third trimester = 0.51, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.76), lower fetal intrauterine retardation rate (risk ratio = 0.23, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.35), longer neonatal birth length (SMD = 0.66, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.12), bigger birth head circumference (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.09), higher 1-min Apgar score (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.49) and cord blood zinc level (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.56).
    J Evid Based Med, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
20. ev-pspg-05 · meta-analysis
    The frequency of leg cramps after treatment was not decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (WMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.14-0.20, P = 0.167).
    Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
21. ev-pspg-09 · systematic review
    The most commonly cited MP species were Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Allium sativum L. and Cucurbita pepo L. and these were used for relief of NVP, motion sickness and as a nutritional supplement.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2018 · checked 2026-10-07
22. ev-pspg-12 · agency position
    During pregnancy, the amount of zinc needed increases to accommodate fetal growth, and the FNB therefore recommends that pregnant women consume 3 mg/day more zinc than nonpregnant women in the same age group [1,3]. Similarly, the zinc requirement increases by 4 mg/day during lactation. NHANES data from 2001 to 2014 show that 11% of pregnant women in the United States have total zinc intakes from foods and supplements that are below the EAR [25].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Zinc Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
23. ev-pspg-13 · agency guideline
    WHO does not recommend zinc supplementation as part of routine ANC. Zinc supplementation is recommended only in the context of rigorous research to improve our knowledge of its effect in pregnant women.
    World Health Organization, WHO antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience. Nutritional interventions update: zinc supplements during pregnancy, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
24. pks-r5-14 · network meta-analysis
    pumpkin seed oil [PSO; SMD = 0.59 hairs/cm2, 95% CI (0.09, 1.09)]
    Front Nutr, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
25. pks-r5-15 · case report
    Following the initial evaluations, they were put on a comprehensive fertility treatment plan that incorporated Myo-inositol and folic acid supplementation, and seed cycling as a dietary intervention.
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
26. ev-pspg-06 · meta-analysis
    Overall, compared with control intervention for gestational diabetes, magnesium supplementation was able to significantly decrease FPG (MD = -7.33 mg/dL; 95 % CI = -7.64 to -7.02 mg/dL; P < 0.00001) and HOMA-IR (MD = -0.99; 95 % CI = -1.76 to -0.22; P = 0.01), but resulted in no obvious impact on serum insulin (MD = -4.17 μIU/mL; 95 % CI = -8.49 to 0.14 μIU/mL; P = 0.06), preterm delivery (OR = 0.42; 95 % CI = 0.06 to 2.95; P = 0.38), macrosomia (OR = 0.34; 95 % CI = 0.08 to 1.35; P = 0.13) or BMI change (MD = -0.01 kg/m2; 95 % CI = -0.06 to 0.04 kg/m2; P = 0.63).
    Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
27. ev-pspg-07 · uncontrolled trial
    The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre and post consumption phase for higher serum iron (60 +/- 22 vs. 85 +/- 23 ug/dl), higher transferrin saturation percent (16.8 +/- 8.0 vs. 25.6 +/- 9.0%), and lower TIBC (367 +/- 31 vs. 339 +/- 31 ug/dl).
    Biofactors, 2007 · checked 2026-10-07
28. pks-r5-06 · uncontrolled before and after trial
    The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre and post consumption phase for higher serum iron (60 +/- 22 vs. 85 +/- 23 ug/dl), higher transferrin saturation percent (16.8 +/- 8.0 vs. 25.6 +/- 9.0%), and lower TIBC (367 +/- 31 vs. 339 +/- 31 ug/dl).
    Biofactors, 2007 · checked 2026-09-29
29. pks-r5-07 · randomized controlled trial
    Pumpkin seeds lowered calcium-oxalate crystal occurrence and calcium level but increased phosphorus, pyrophosphate, glycosaminoglycans, and potassium values in urine as compared with orthophosphate supplementation.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1987 · checked 2026-09-29
30. pks-r5-08 · randomized controlled trial
    RESULTS: AIx, brachial and central systolic BP significantly (P < 0.05) decreased following PSO but not after placebo.
    Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2019 · checked 2026-09-29
31. ev-pspg-08 · pilot study
    14 prenatal mothers from Rural Amalapuram in Andhra Pradesh's East Godavari district made up the study sample.
    Andugula SK et al., Bioinformation, 2022, Impact of pumpkin seeds supplementation on anemia in antenatal mothers at Andhra Pradesh, India · checked 2026-10-07
32. pks-r5-16 · case report
    Pumpkin seed allergens have not been well characterized. Homology between amino-acid sequences in storage proteins may indicate cross reactivity between different edible seeds and nuts.
    Nutrition, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
33. pks-r5-17 · randomized crossover trial
    Pumpkin seed has potential as a hypoglycemic food, which now deserves to be confirmed in long-term studies.
    Nutr Res, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29