Orange juice: small cholesterol effects, no effect on weight

Two meta-analyses of randomized trials looked at orange juice and blood fats, and they do not quite agree. One pooled 10 small trials, many giving 17 fl oz (500 mL) a day or more, and found LDL cholesterol down 9.14 mg/dL (95% CI 2.49 to 15.79) and fasting glucose down 2.92 mg/dL against control drinks. The other pooled 15 trials in 639 people and found only total cholesterol moved, down 6.84 mg/dL (95% CI 1.29 to 12.38), plus a small drop in insulin resistance, and its authors rated the evidence low to moderate. Weight is the clearer answer. Across 11 trials in 512 adults, orange juice or hesperidin capsules changed body weight by 0.68 lb (0.31 kg) on average (95% CI from 3.2 lb (1.44 kg) lost to 1.8 lb (0.82 kg) gained), which is no effect in either direction. A glass is 248 g in the US survey database, and at the UK figure of 8.1 g sugars per 3.5 oz (100 g) for freshly squeezed juice that glass holds about 20 g of sugar.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

As people eat it, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• Eight USDA Foundation samples of orange juice made from concentrate held 23 to 34 micrograms folate and about 3.9 g of fructose plus glucose per 3.5 oz (100 g). — Orange juice, no pulp, not fortified, from concentrate, refrigerated, 8 analyzed samples (n = 8 samples) Evidence E source
  Folate 29.85 ug per 3.5 oz (100 g) (23.13 to 33.98), fructose 2.10 g (1.93 to 2.19), glucose 1.79 g (1.64 to 1.99), magnesium 10.6 mg (8.68 to 11.2), citric acid 706 mg (614 to 764)
• The UK composition table gives freshly squeezed orange juice 48 mg vitamin C and 8.1 g sugars per 3.5 oz (100 g), against 40 mg and 8.6 g for chilled carton juice. — CoFID 14-369 Orange juice, freshly squeezed and 14-329 Orange juice, chilled Evidence E source
  Freshly squeezed: 33 calories, 8.1 g total sugars, 180 mg potassium, 48 mg vitamin C, 28 ug folate per 3.5 oz (100 g); chilled: 36 calories, 8.6 g sugars, 158 mg potassium, 40 mg vitamin C

What a real portion looks like

• In the US dietary survey database an unspecified glass of orange juice is 248 g, a juice box 209 g and a fluid ounce 31 g. — Orange juice, 100%, NFS, FNDDS food code 61210000 Evidence E source
  Quantity not specified 248 g, juice box/pouch 6.75 fl oz 209 g, school container 124 g, fun size box 131 g, 1 fl oz 31 g

What your body absorbs

• In a randomized crossover trial in 37 overweight men, 11 fl oz (330 mL) of orange juice a day delivered as much hesperetin to blood and urine as a 210 mg hesperidin drink. — 37 centrally overweight men, three 6-week periods: 330 mL/day 100% orange juice, isoenergetic control, or hesperidin-enriched control (210 mg/day) (n = 37) Evidence B source
  Plasma AUC0-6h of phase II hesperetin metabolites and 24 h urinary excretion comparable between juice and hesperidin drink
• In ten endurance-trained men who drank 17 fl oz (500 mL) of orange juice, flavanone metabolites excreted in urine over 24 hours equalled only 4.2 percent of the flavanones consumed, rising to 5.2 percent after a week off training. — 10 endurance-trained males, 17 fl oz (500 mL) orange juice with 330 umol flavanones, before and after 7 days without training (n = 10) Evidence C source
  Urinary flavanone metabolites 4.2% of intake while training vs 5.2% after cessation; colonic catabolites 51% vs 59% of intake

What cooking and storage change

• Juice made from frozen concentrate lost about a quarter of its vitamin C in a week in the fridge, 117 down to 89 mg per 8 fl oz, while chilled carton juice barely changed. — commercial orange juices stored at 39 °F (4 degrees C), compared on day 1 and day 8, with plasma responses in volunteers Evidence B source
  Frozen-concentrate juice 117 +/- 8 vs 89 +/- 8 mg per 8 fl oz (P = .001); chilled juice 69 +/- 5 vs 64 +/- 12 mg

What it does to your health

• In a 1979 controlled study, 362 young adults given natural or synthetic orange juice with 80 mg vitamin C a day for 72 days had 14 to 21% fewer cold symptoms than with placebo. — healthy young adult volunteers aged 17 to 25 years (n = 362) Evidence C source
  14-21% reduction in total cold symptoms (P < 0.05); more episode-free subjects; 72 days
• A Cochrane review found that in general community trials with 10,708 people, taking vitamin C every day did not lower the chance of catching a cold (RR 0.97). — general community trials of regular vitamin C, at least 0.2 g/day, placebo-controlled (n = 10,708) Evidence A source
  RR of developing a cold 0.97 (0.94 to 1.00)
• A 2023 meta-analysis of 10 randomized double-blind trials found vitamin C at 1 g a day or more cut cold severity by 15% compared with placebo. — people in good health at baseline, oral vitamin C at least 1 g/day (n = 15 comparisons) Evidence A source
  Severity -15% (95% CI 9 to 21%)
• In a randomized crossover trial in 32 adults aged 65 and over, four gold kiwifruit a day for 4 weeks did not cut respiratory infections compared with bananas but shortened some symptoms. — community-dwelling people aged 65 years or older, New Zealand (n = 32) Evidence B source
  No change in URTI incidence; shorter and milder head congestion, shorter sore throat
• A Cochrane review of 2 trials with 708 pregnant women found that giving the mother sugar before fetal heart monitoring did not reduce non-reactive tests. — pregnant women undergoing antenatal cardiotocography; oral or intravenous maternal glucose, including reconstituted orange juice with 20 g carbohydrate (n = 2 trials, 708 participants) Evidence A source
  No decrease in the incidence of non-reactive antenatal cardiotocography tests
• In a randomized trial of 360 pregnant women, cake and juice 30 minutes before a non-stress test raised fetal movements and accelerations compared with no intervention. — pregnant women having a non-stress test; cake and juice 30 min before, cake and juice plus video, or no intervention (n = 360) Evidence B source
  More fetal movements and accelerations vs control (p < 0.001)
• A meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials found orange juice lowered LDL cholesterol by about 9 mg/dL and fasting glucose by about 3 mg/dL, with the effects holding at 17 fl oz (500 mL) a day or more. — 10 RCTs of orange juice vs control, searched to September 2020 (n = 10 RCTs) Evidence A source
  Glucose WMD -2.92 mg/dl (95% CI -5.327 to -0.530), total cholesterol -9.84 mg/dl (-15.43 to -4.24), LDL-C -9.14 mg/dl (-15.79 to -2.49), CRP -0.467 mg/l; body composition not significant
• A second meta-analysis of 15 trials in 639 people found only total cholesterol, down about 7 mg/dL, and insulin resistance changed with orange juice, and rated the evidence low to moderate. — 15 RCTs, 639 participants, searched to January 2021 (n = 639) Evidence A source
  Total cholesterol WMD -6.84 mg/dl (95% CI -12.38 to -1.29, 10 trials), HOMA-IR -0.39 (-0.77 to -0.006, 4 trials); other cardiometabolic factors not significant
• Over three 6-week periods in 37 overweight men, 11 fl oz (330 mL) of orange juice a day did not improve flow-mediated dilation or other vascular and metabolic measures compared with a matched drink. — 37 centrally overweight men, 330 mL/day 100% orange juice vs isoenergetic control, 6 weeks each (n = 37) Evidence B source
  No significant effect on fasting or postprandial FMD, vascular, metabolic or anthropometric parameters vs control
• In a crossover trial in healthy young men, 10 fl oz (300 mL) of 100% orange juice gave a lower glucose peak than a sugar-matched drink without the fruit matrix, though total glucose response did not differ significantly. — healthy young males, 10 fl oz (300 mL) 100% orange juice vs sugar-matched 50% and 0% juice drinks and 25 g glucose Evidence B source
  Glucose iAUC not significantly different; Cmax lower with 100% juice vs 0% juice, lower glucose at 15 min

Safety, limits and interactions

• The ODS notes high vitamin C doses can cause diarrhea, nausea and cramps, and sets the upper intake level at 400 to 2,000 mg a day depending on age. — children and adults Evidence E source
  UL 400-2,000 mg/day by age; GI upset at high doses; kidney stone concern mainly with pre-existing hyperoxaluria
• Unpasteurised orange juice caused a 1995 Salmonella outbreak of 62 cases linked to a Florida theme park, and 97% of case patients had drunk the juice. — theme park visitors, Orlando, Florida, 1995 (n = 62) Evidence C source
  97% of case patients vs 54% of controls drank the park's orange juice; Salmonella in 10 of 12 juice containers
• In a 2008 Dutch outbreak, fresh unpasteurised fruit juice from one retailer was the only significant risk factor for Salmonella Panama illness (matched OR 7.4). — laboratory-confirmed cases and matched controls, the Netherlands, 2008 (n = 23 cases/24 controls) Evidence C source
  Matched OR 7.4 (1.5 to 37.2)
• In a Norwegian cohort of 88,514 pregnancies, fruit juices showed no association with congenital heart defects in babies. — pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study linked to infant heart defect registers (n = 88514) Evidence C source
  Fruit juices no association with congenital heart defects
• The FDA warns that pregnant women risk serious illness or even death from drinking untreated, unpasteurized juice. — pregnant women, children, older adults, people with weakened immune systems Evidence E source
  Risk of serious foodborne illness from untreated juice
• A review of 51 pharmacokinetic studies found fruit juices can raise or lower blood levels of some blood pressure drugs, and orange and apple juice acted comparably on certain medications. — 51 human pharmacokinetic studies of fruit juice with antihypertensive drugs, mostly open-label crossover trials (n = 51 studies) Evidence A source
  Grapefruit juice cut aliskiren and celiprolol AUC and Cmax by about 80-90%; apple and orange juices comparable on certain drugs; clinical relevance uncertain
• Across 21 in situ trials of erosive tooth wear, orange juice caused 2.6 times more enamel loss than calcium-containing blackcurrant juice. — 21 in situ randomized controlled trials of calcium formulations and dental erosion (n = 21 trials) Evidence A source
  Blackcurrant juice 2.6 times less enamel loss than orange juice (p = 0.0001, I2 = 89%)
• A 40-year-old man with no known medical history developed serum potassium of 9.4 mmol/L after weeks of drinking large volumes of reconstituted dried orange juice powder. — one 40-year-old man without known medical history (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Serum potassium 9.4 mmol/L with ECG changes, ICU admission, normalized after stopping the drink
• A 2024 USDA systematic review found one cohort linking any 100 percent fruit juice in the first year of life with higher odds of obesity at ages 2 to 5. — prospective cohort studies of infants, children and adolescents in the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review on 100% juice Evidence C source
  Higher odds of obesity at 2 to 5 years with any juice in year one vs none; most other BMI-change studies found no association
• For people with diabetes treating a hypo, dietary sugars such as orange juice relieved symptoms at 15 minutes less often than glucose tablets, a risk ratio of 0.89. — awake patients with diabetes and symptomatic hypoglycemia, 3 RCTs and 1 observational study (n = 725 events) Evidence A source
  RR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.95) for symptom resolution at 15 min with dietary sugars vs glucose tablets

What people believe that the data does not support

• The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements says vitamin C does not seem to prevent colds in the general population and does not help when taken after symptoms start. — general population; people with intense exercise, cold exposure or marginal vitamin C status Evidence E source
  No prevention in general population; modestly shorter colds with regular intake; no effect after onset
• The FDA states that most juice sold in the United States is pasteurized (heat-treated) to kill harmful bacteria. — US juice products Evidence E source
  Most US juice is pasteurized
• A meta-analysis of 11 trials in 512 adults found orange juice or hesperidin changed body weight by -0.68 lb (-0.31 kg) on average, a result indistinguishable from zero. — 11 RCTs, 512 adults, orange juice and/or hesperidin supplementation (n = 512) Evidence A source
  Body weight WMD -0.68 lb (95% CI -3.2 to 1.8; metric: -0.31 kg, -1.44 to 0.82), BMI 0.11 kg/m2 (-0.33 to 0.56), waist 0.03 in (-0.46 to 0.51; metric: 0.07 cm, -1.16 to 1.30)
• The weight-loss trials behind blood orange marketing tested a Moro orange extract in capsules: three trials in 252 adults found about 4.4 lb (2 kg) more weight loss than placebo. — 3 RCTs, 252 overweight or obese adults, Moro orange juice extract vs placebo (n = 252) Evidence A source
  Body weight MD -4.6 lb (95% CI -7.7 to -1.5; metric: -2.08 kg, -3.50 to -0.67), fat mass -3.4 lb (-6.4 to -0.33; metric: -1.53 kg, -2.92 to -0.15)
• The EU register lists no authorized health claim for orange juice, and a claim that cryptoxanthin from orange juice strengthens the immune system was not authorized. — EU Register on nutrition and health claims, entries for orange juice Evidence E source
  0 authorized, 2 non-authorized claims naming orange juice

Who this works differently for

• In the same Cochrane review, regular vitamin C shortened colds by 8% in adults and 14% in children, while vitamin C started once a cold began had no consistent effect. — adults and children in placebo-controlled trials of regular or therapeutic vitamin C (n = 9745 episodes) Evidence A source
  Duration -8% (3 to 12%) in adults, -14% (7 to 21%) in children; therapeutic trials (3249 episodes): no consistent effect
• Among 598 marathon runners, skiers and soldiers on subarctic exercises, regular vitamin C halved the risk of catching a cold (RR 0.48). — people under heavy short-term physical stress (n = 598) Evidence A source
  RR 0.48 (0.35 to 0.64), 5 trials
• A 2023 meta-analysis of 4 prospective cohorts with 23,177 women found fruit juice intake was not linked to gestational diabetes risk, with no dose-response per 3.4 fl oz (100 ml) a day. — pregnant women in prospective cohort studies; fruit juice intake and gestational diabetes (n = 4 studies, 23,177 participants, 1,598 with GDM) Evidence C source
  RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.04), I2 29.8%; per 100 ml/day RR 1.01 (0.97 to 1.08)
• A 2025 systematic review of 100% fruit juice found 3 studies on gestational diabetes and judged the effect of juice on it neutral. — prospective studies of 100% fruit juice and gestational diabetes; RCTs on glucose markers in other adults (n = 3 studies on gestational diabetes) Evidence C source
  Neutral association with gestational diabetes; no difference vs comparator on glucose markers in RCTs
• In a controlled trial of 190 pregnant women in a deprived area, vouchers for fruit juice raised juice intake, and serum beta-carotene rose from 106.2 to 141.8 units while it fell in controls. — pregnant women aged 17 and over at an antenatal clinic in a deprived area; usual care, advice, or vouchers exchangeable for fruit juice (n = 190) Evidence B source
  Serum beta-carotene 106.2 to 141.8 micromol/l with vouchers (P = 0.003) vs 120.0 to 99.8 in controls (P = 0.005)
• In a Chinese study of 2,987 pregnant women, higher fruit juice intake in weeks 13 to 28 was linked to more gestational diabetes. — pregnant women in China, diet at weeks 13-28 by 24 h recall and food frequency questionnaire (n = 2987) Evidence C source
  Fruit juice quantity positively associated with GDM incidence
• In a Malaysian cohort of 452 women, higher fruit juice intake before pregnancy and in the first trimester was linked to lower gestational diabetes risk. — women in the Seremban Cohort Study, Malaysia; beverage intake pre-pregnancy, first and second trimester (n = 452) Evidence C source
  Higher fruit juice intake associated with lower GDM risk, only for pre-pregnancy and first-trimester intake
• In a Spanish cohort of 252 mother-child pairs, more commercial fruit juice in pregnancy was linked to about 2.5 times the odds of child overweight at 4, but natural juice was not. — mother-child pairs from the Mediterranean ECLIPSES cohort; diet at 12, 24 and 36 weeks (n = 252) Evidence C source
  Commercial fruit juice OR 2.48 (1.06 to 5.78) for overweight or obesity at age 4; total and natural juice no association
• In the US Project Viva cohort of 1,234 mother-child pairs, juice intake in pregnancy was not linked to child cognition scores. — mother-child pairs in Project Viva; diet in pregnancy, cognition at about 3 and 8 years (n = 1234) Evidence C source
  Maternal and child juice consumption not associated with cognition
• In a Finnish birth cohort of 2,441 children, high maternal fruit and berry juice intake in pregnancy was linked to 40% higher odds of allergic rhinitis by age 5, with no link to asthma. — children in the Finnish DIPP Nutrition Study; maternal food frequency questionnaire in pregnancy (n = 2441) Evidence C source
  Allergic rhinitis aOR 1.40 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.90); no associations with asthma
• In a crossover study of 13 volunteers including 4 stone formers, orange juice raised urinary pH and citrate and lowered calcium oxalate supersaturation, while lemonade did not alkalinise. — 13 volunteers (9 healthy, 4 stone formers) on a constant metabolic diet, orange juice vs lemonade vs distilled water (n = 13) Evidence B source
  Higher urinary pH and citrate, lower calcium oxalate supersaturation, but higher urinary oxalate and brushite supersaturation with orange juice

What is still unknown

• The same 1979 study concluded the result does not support preventive vitamin C for well-nourished adults, and natural and synthetic juice worked alike. — healthy young adult volunteers aged 17 to 25 years (n = 362) Evidence C source
  Natural and synthetic orange juice gave similar results; no clinical recommendation
• Whether orange juice helps prevent kidney stones from coming back is untested: the metabolic study of 13 volunteers measured urine chemistry only and called for long-term trials. — 13 volunteers, short-term metabolic study (n = 13) Evidence B source
  No long-term recurrence trial found in the corpus

The bottom line

The blood orange weight-loss claims come from a different product. Three trials in 252 overweight adults tested a Moro orange extract in capsules and found about 4.4 lb (2 kg) more weight lost than on placebo (95% CI 1.5 to 7.7 lb (0.67 to 3.50 kg)), with the right dose still unknown. Nobody drank juice in those trials. In a trial of 37 overweight men over three six-week periods, 11 fl oz (330 mL) of juice a day did not significantly change blood vessel function or any other vascular or metabolic measure against a matched drink. The same trial found the juice delivered as much hesperetin to blood and urine as a drink with 210 mg of added hesperidin. In ten trained men who drank 17 fl oz (500 mL), flavanones reaching the urine equalled only 4.2 percent of what they drank, in a small non-randomized study. In healthy young men, 10 fl oz (300 mL) of 100 percent juice gave a lower glucose peak than a sugar-matched drink without the fruit, and the total glucose response did not differ significantly, in a trial whose abstract does not give the number of men. Vitamin C depends on the carton. The UK table gives freshly squeezed juice 48 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) and chilled carton juice 40 mg, while eight USDA samples of juice from concentrate averaged 26.9 mg with a range of 15.9 to 38.6. Juice made up from frozen concentrate lost about a quarter of its vitamin C after a week in the fridge, from 117 to 89 mg per 8 fl oz, while chilled juice went from 69 to 64 mg. The abstract of that study does not give its sample size. The EU register holds no authorized health claim for orange juice, and a claim that cryptoxanthin from the juice strengthens the immune system was refused. Who should be careful. A review of 51 small, mostly open-label studies found fruit juices can raise or lower blood levels of some blood pressure drugs, with orange and apple juice acting comparably on certain of them. How much that matters clinically is still uncertain, so if you take such a drug, ask the person who prescribed it. Across 21 in situ trials, where enamel samples are worn in the mouth, orange juice caused 2.6 times more enamel loss than a calcium-containing blackcurrant juice, with high variation between trials. One 40-year-old man with no known illness reached a serum potassium of 9.4 mmol/L after weeks of drinking large amounts of reconstituted orange juice powder. For babies, a 2024 USDA review found one cohort linking any 100 percent juice in the first year with higher odds of obesity at ages 2 to 5, while most other studies it reviewed found no link with weight change. For people with diabetes treating a low, dietary sugars including juice relieved symptoms at 15 minutes less often than glucose tablets, a risk ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.95), with juice not reported separately from other sugars. Kidney stones are an open question. In 13 volunteers, 4 of them stone formers, orange juice raised urine pH and citrate and lowered calcium oxalate supersaturation, and it also raised urinary oxalate. That was a short study of urine chemistry. Whether juice keeps stones from coming back has not been tested.

Compared with other foods

Sources

1. ojc-r5-01 · USDA FoodData Central Foundation Foods, dataset
   Orange juice, no pulp, not fortified, from concentrate, refrigerated (FDC 2003591, Foundation): Folate, total 29.85 UG range 23.13-33.98 n=8; Fructose 2.096 G range 1.93-2.19 n=8; Glucose 1.794 G range 1.64-1.99 n=8; Magnesium, Mg 10.64 MG range 8.68-11.2 n=8; Citric acid 705.8 MG range 614.0-764.0 n=8
   USDA FoodData Central, Foundation Foods, FDC 2003591, release 2026-04-30 · checked 2026-09-29
2. ojc-r5-02 · CoFID 2021, dataset
   CoFID 14-369 Orange juice, freshly squeezed: Energy (kcal) 33; Total sugars (g) 8.1; Potassium (mg) 180; Folate (ug) 28; Vitamin C (mg) 48. CoFID 14-329 Orange juice, chilled: Energy (kcal) 36; Total sugars (g) 8.6; Potassium (mg) 158; Vitamin C (mg) 40
   CoFID 2021 (Public Health England), codes 14-369 and 14-329, OGL v3.0 · checked 2026-09-29
3. ojc-r5-06 · USDA FNDDS, dataset
   Orange juice, 100%, NFS (FNDDS 61210000, fdc_id 2709186): 1 fl oz (no ice) 31 g; 1 fun size box (4.23 fl oz) 131 g; 1 juice box/pouch (6.75 fl oz) 209 g; 1 individual school container 124 g; Quantity not specified 248 g
   USDA FNDDS, FDC 2709186 (food code 61210000) · checked 2026-09-29
4. ojc-r5-03 · randomized crossover trial
   Plasma exposure to phase II hesperetin metabolites (AUC0-6 h) and 24 h urinary excretion were comparable after OJ and HESP, indicating effective hesperidin delivery and limited matrix effects on bioavailability.
   Food Funct, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
5. ojc-r5-04 · controlled feeding study
   During training, 0-24-h urinary excretion of flavanone metabolites, mainly hesperetin-3'-O-glucuronide, hesperetin-3'-sulfate, naringenin-4'-O-glucuronide, naringenin-7-O-glucuronide, was equivalent to 4.2% of OJ flavanone intake. This increased significantly to 5.2% when OJ was consumed after the volunteers stopped training for 7 d.
   Am J Clin Nutr, 2017 · checked 2026-09-29
6. ojc-r5-05 · randomized controlled trial
   The ascorbic acid content decreased significantly after storage in juice reconstituted from frozen concentrate (117+/-8 vs 89+/-8 mg/8 fl oz, P =.001), but did not change in chilled juice (69+/-5 vs 64+/-12 mg/8 fl oz.).
   J Am Diet Assoc, 2005 · checked 2026-09-29
7. ev-ojcc-01 · controlled clinical trial
   There was a 14 to 21% reduction in total symptoms due to the common cold in the supplemented groups that was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).
   Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 · checked 2026-10-07
8. ev-ojcc-03 · meta-analysis of RCTs
   In the general community trials involving 10,708 participants, the pooled RR was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 1.00).
   Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013 · checked 2026-10-07
9. ev-ojcc-06 · meta-analysis of RCTs
   Compared to placebo, vitamin C significantly decreased the severity of the common cold by 15% (95% CI 9-21%).
   BMC Public Health, 2023 · checked 2026-10-07
10. ev-ojcc-07 · randomized crossover trial
    Gold kiwifruit did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of URTI compared with banana, but significantly reduced the severity and duration of head congestion, and the duration of sore throat.
    Br J Nutr, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
11. ev-ojp-01 · systematic review
    Antenatal maternal glucose administration did not decrease the incidence of non-reactive antenatal cardiotocography tests.
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012, CD003397 (Tan and Sabapathy) · checked 2026-10-07
12. ev-ojp-05 · RCT
    It was found that the mean number of foetal movements and the mean number of accelerations in the cake + juice and motivational video groups were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.001).
    J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022 · checked 2026-10-07
13. ojc-r5-07 · meta-analysis
    Pooled results demonstrated a significant effect of orange juice on glucose (WMD: -2.92 mg/dl, 95% CI: -5.327, -0.530, p = 0.017), insulin (WMD: -1.229 μU/ml, 95% CI: -2.083, -0.374, p = 0.005), HOMA-IR (WMD: -0.464, 95% CI: -0.747, -0.181, p = 0.001), total cholesterol (WMD: -9.84 mg/dl, 95% CI: -15.43, -4.24, p = 0.001), LDL-C (WMD: -9.14 mg/dl, 95% CI: -15.79, -2.49, p = 0.007), and CRP (WMD: -0.467 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.815, -0.120, p = 0.008) compared to control group.
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2022 · checked 2026-09-29
14. ojc-r5-08 · meta-analysis
    The meta-analysis showed that OJ intake significantly reduces circulating total cholesterol levels (10 trials; weighted mean difference [WMD] = -6.84 mg/dl; 95% CI: -12.38 to -1.29; p = .01) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (four trials; WMD = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.77 to -0.006; p = .04) compared to control group.
    Phytother Res, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
15. ojc-r5-09 · randomized crossover trial
    Neither intervention significantly affected fasting or postprandial FMD, vascular, metabolic or anthropometric parameters, or oxylipin profiles versus CON.
    Food Funct, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
16. ojc-r5-10 · randomized crossover trial
    Differences in incremental area under the curve (iAUC) with the 100% OJ and 50% OJ against the 0% OJ did not reach significance, but the 100% OJ significantly lowered the glucose peak (Cmax) compared to 0% OJ and reduced glucose levels at 15 minutes (C15 min) compared to 50% OJ and 0% OJ.
    Food Funct, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
17. ev-ojcc-09 · agency position
    However, high doses of vitamin C can lead to diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and other gastrointestinal disturbances. There are some concerns surrounding high vitamin C intakes, such as the formation of kidney stones and excess iron absorption, but these are not generally considered a risk in healthy individuals. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin C ranges from 400 to 2,000 mg, depending on age.
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
18. ev-ojcc-10 · case-control
    Unpasteurized orange juice caused an outbreak of salmonellosis in a large Florida theme park. All orange juice was recalled and the processing plant closed. Pasteurization or other equally effective risk-management strategies should be used in the production of all juices.
    JAMA, 1998 · checked 2026-10-07
19. ev-ojcc-11 · case-control
    In total, 33 cases were reported, and a matched case-control study (23 cases/24 controls) identified consumption of fresh (unpasteurized) fruit juice purchased from a large retailer (X) as the only significant risk factor for illness (matched odds ratio: 7.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.5-37.2).
    Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2010 · checked 2026-10-07
20. ev-ojp-09 · cohort study
    Fruit juices, cordial beverages and artificial sweeteners showed no associations with CHD.
    Eur J Epidemiol, 2019 · checked 2026-10-07
21. ev-ojp-12 · agency guidance
    While most people’s immune systems can usually fight off the effects of foodborne illness, children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems (such as transplant patients and individuals with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or diabetes) risk serious illnesses or even death from drinking untreated juices.
    US FDA, What You Need to Know About Juice Safety, content current as of 03/05/2024 · checked 2026-10-07
22. ojc-r5-11 · meta-analysis
    Apple and orange juices have comparable effects on certain medications.
    Complement Ther Med, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
23. ojc-r5-12 · meta-analysis
    The findings of the studies showed that the addition of calcium in juice drinks led to reduced enamel loss, with blackcurrant juice presenting 2.6 times statistically significant less enamel loss compared to orange juice (p = 0.0001, I2 = 89%).
    Evid Based Dent, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29
24. ojc-r5-13 · case report
    Further history revealed excessive daily consumption of large volumes of a dried orange juice powder reconstituted as a beverage over several weeks.
    Cureus, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
25. ojc-r5-17 · agency systematic review
    Vandyousefi et al4 found that consumption of any 100% fruit juice during the first year of life was associated with higher odds of obesity at 2 to 5 years when compared to no consumption of 100% fruit juice.
    USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, 100% Juice and Growth, Body Composition, and Risk of Obesity, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29
26. ojc-r5-19 · meta-analysis
    In the pooled analysis, patients treated with dietary sugars had a lower resolution of symptoms 15 min after treatment compared with glucose tablets (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95).
    Emerg Med J, 2017 · checked 2026-09-29
27. ev-ojcc-08 · agency position
    However, in the general population, taking vitamin C prophylactically does not appear to reduce the risk of the common cold, although it does appear to modestly reduce the duration of the cold and ameliorate the symptoms. Taking vitamin C after the onset of cold symptoms does not appear to affect cold duration or symptom severity.
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
28. ev-ojp-13 · agency guidance
    Most of the juice sold in the United States is pasteurized (heat-treated) to kill harmful bacteria.
    US FDA, What You Need to Know About Juice Safety, content current as of 03/05/2024 · checked 2026-10-07
29. ojc-r5-14 · meta-analysis
    The meta-analysis showed that orange juice and/or hesperidin had no significant effect on body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.31 kg; 95% CI, -1.44 to 0.82, P = 0.592], body mass index [WMD = 0.11 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.33 to 0.56, P = 0.617], fat mass [WMD = 0.14 kg; 95% CI, -0.95 to 1.22, P = 0.807], percentage body fat [WMD = -0.70%; 95% CI, -2.58 to 1.18, P = 0.463] and waist circumference [WMD = 0.07 cm; 95% CI, -1.16 to 1.30, P = 0.588].
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
30. ojc-r5-15 · meta-analysis
    The extract significantly reduced body weight (mean difference (MD) -2.08 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.50, -0.67; I2 = 0%; p < 0.01) and fat mass (MD -1.53 kg; 95% CI -2.92, -0.15; I2 = 0%; p = 0.03), the pooled analysis of waist circumference presented heterogeneous point estimates (MD -3.25 kg; 95% CI -6.44, -0.07; I2 = 99%; p = 0.05).
    Nutr Health, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
31. ojc-r5-16 · regulatory register entry
    POL-HC-7000 Cryptoxanthin from orange juice (Cryptoxanthin from) orange juice participate to strengthen immune system. Clarification provided (Cryptoxanthin from) orange juice ensure antioxidant action / ensure protective effect on the organism. Non-authorised
    EU Register on nutrition and health claims, claim POL-HC-7000, snapshot 2026-09-21 · checked 2026-09-29
32. ev-ojcc-04 · meta-analysis of RCTs
    In adults the duration of colds was reduced by 8% (3% to 12%) and in children by 14% (7% to 21%). In children, 1 to 2 g/day vitamin C shortened colds by 18%. The severity of colds was also reduced by regular vitamin C administration.Seven comparisons examined the effect of therapeutic vitamin C (3249 episodes). No consistent effect of vitamin C was seen on the duration or severity of colds in the therapeutic trials.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013 · checked 2026-10-07
33. ev-ojcc-05 · meta-analysis of RCTs
    Five trials involving a total of 598 marathon runners, skiers and soldiers on subarctic exercises yielded a pooled RR of 0.48 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.64).
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013 · checked 2026-10-07
34. ev-ojp-02 · meta-analysis of cohorts
    No relationship was identified between fruit juice intake and the risk of developing GDM (RR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91–1.04).
    Nutrition Journal, 2023, 22:27 · checked 2026-10-07
35. ev-ojp-03 · meta-analysis of RCTs and cohort studies
    In addition, the analysis indicated a neutral effect of 100%FJ on gestational diabetes.
    J Med Food, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
36. ev-ojp-04 · RCT
    Serum beta-carotene concentration increased in the voucher group, from 106.2 to 141.8 micromol l(-1) in women with measurements on both occasions (P = 0.003), decreased from 120.0 to 99.8 micromol l(-1) in the control group (P = 0.005), and was unchanged in the advice group.
    Public Health Nutr, 2007 · checked 2026-10-07
37. ev-ojp-06 · cohort study
    Quantity of grape, melon, potatoes and fruit juice consumption were positively associated with the incidence of GDM.
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
38. ev-ojp-07 · cohort study
    While higher intake of cultured-milk drinks was associated with an increased risk of GDM, higher fruit juice intake was associated with a lower risk of GDM.
    Nutrients, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
39. ev-ojp-08 · cohort study
    No associations were observed for total or natural fruit juice, whereas higher consumption of commercial fruit juice was associated with increased odds of overweight/obesity (OR: 2.48 [1.06-5.78]).
    Nutrients, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
40. ev-ojp-10 · cohort study
    Maternal and child fructose and juice consumption were not associated with cognition.
    Am J Prev Med, 2018 · checked 2026-10-07
41. ev-ojp-11 · cohort study
    High maternal consumption of fruit and berry juices was positively associated with the risk of allergic rhinitis (aOR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.90) in children.
    Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
42. ojc-r5-18 · randomized crossover trial
    Orange juice but not lemonade provided alkali as evidenced by higher net gastrointestinal alkali absorption and higher urinary pH and citrate compared with control.
    Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006 · checked 2026-09-29
43. ev-ojcc-02 · controlled clinical trial
    However, the clinical usefulness of the results does not support prophylactic ascorbic acid supplements in the well-nourished adult.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 · checked 2026-10-07
44. ojc-r5-20 · randomized crossover trial
    This short-term study suggests that orange juice consumption could result in biochemical modification of stone risk factors; however, additional studies are needed to evaluate its role in long-term prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis.
    Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006 · checked 2026-09-29