Grapefruit juice: an ordinary juice that changes how some drugs work

A meta-analysis of human studies found that grapefruit juice cut blood levels of two blood pressure drugs, aliskiren and celiprolol, by about 80 to 90 percent. Most of those studies were small and measured drug levels only, so the authors call the clinical weight of many interactions uncertain. The effect runs in both directions. In a randomized crossover trial in 20 healthy adults, one 8.1 fl oz (240 mL) glass taken with a single 60 mg dose of tolvaptan raised its peak level 1.86-fold. In 12 volunteers who drank 6.8 fl oz (200 mL) a day for three days, regular juice raised midazolam exposure by 22% (exposure ratio 122%, 90% CI 107 to 140%), and a hybrid grapefruit juice showed no interaction. Drug labels act on this. The atorvastatin label lists grapefruit juice among things that raise the risk of muscle damage, and the ezetimibe with simvastatin label says to avoid it.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

As people eat it, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• Vitamin C in bottled grapefruit juice varies widely: USDA samples of white juice ranged from 29 to 62 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g), and red juice from 17.8 to 37.6 mg. — USDA Foundation Foods, grapefruit juice white canned or bottled unsweetened, and red not fortified (n = 6 and 8 samples) Evidence E source
  White: mean 39.4 mg (29.0-62.1); red: mean 24.14 mg (17.8-37.6) per 3.5 oz (100 g)
• The UK table lists unsweetened grapefruit juice at 33 calories, 8.3 g sugars and 31 mg vitamin C per 3.5 oz (100 g). — CoFID 2021, Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (14-275) (n = 1 record) Evidence E source
  33 calories, total sugars 8.3 g, vitamin C 31 mg, potassium 100 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g)
• The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements names grapefruit juice, with orange and tomato juice, as a large source of vitamin C. — NIH ODS Vitamin C fact sheet for health professionals Evidence E source
  —

What a real portion looks like

• In the US survey food database an unspecified glass of grapefruit juice is counted as 248 g, about one cup. — FNDDS food code 61201020, Grapefruit juice, 100%, NS as to form (n = 4 portion measures) Evidence E source
  Quantity not specified 248 g; 1 fl oz 31 g (23 g with ice)

What your body absorbs

• Grapefruit juice can also lower drug absorption: one 10 fl oz (300 mL) glass cut talinolol blood levels to 56% of those with water in 24 volunteers. — Healthy white volunteers, 50 mg talinolol with water, one glass of juice, or 6 days of 900 mL/day (n = 24) Evidence C source
  AUC 56%, Cmax 57% of water values (P<.001)

What cooking and storage change

• In 11 volunteers, juice made from freeze-dried or spray-dried grapefruit powder raised blood vitamin C by 12% and naringenin by 28%, with no difference between drying methods. — 11 volunteer participants, two reconstituted grapefruit juices (n = 11) Evidence C source
  Mean rise vitamin C 12%, naringenin 28%; no difference between juices (p>0.05)

What it does to your health

• A 2017 meta-analysis of 3 RCTs with 250 overweight or obese adults found grapefruit lowered systolic blood pressure by 2.43 mmHg compared with control. — overweight and obese adults in randomized clinical trials of grapefruit (n = 250) Evidence A source
  Systolic blood pressure MD -2.43 mmHg (95% CI -4.77 to -0.09), I2 0%
• A 2026 umbrella review of 25 meta-analyses on flavanones cites the grapefruit result (systolic blood pressure 2.43 mmHg lower over 6 to 12 weeks) as one of only two positive blood pressure findings for citrus. — meta-analyses of flavanone intake and citrus interventions (n = 25 meta-analyses) Evidence A source
  Grapefruit SBP -2.43 mmHg (-4.77 to -0.09); citrus fruit 0.7 servings/day DBP -3.70 mmHg (-7.02 to -0.38)
• In a 6-week RCT of 74 overweight adults, half a grapefruit three times a day did not lower blood pressure compared with control, although systolic pressure fell 3.21 mmHg from baseline. — healthy overweight adults, half a fresh Rio-Red grapefruit with each meal for 6 weeks vs control diet (n = 74) Evidence B source
  No between-group difference in blood pressure; within-group SBP -3.21 ± 10.13 mmHg (P = .03)
• In a crossover trial in 11 healthy adults, adding 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice to beetroot juice lowered systolic blood pressure by a further 3.3 mmHg at 5 hours. — healthy volunteers, 2.4 fl oz (70 mL) beetroot juice with 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice or water, 7-hour visits (n = 11) Evidence B source
  SBP -3.3 mmHg (95% CI -6.43 to -0.15) vs beetroot with water
• In a crossover trial in 11 adults, adding 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice to beetroot juice lowered systolic blood pressure by a further 3.3 mmHg at 5 hours. — Healthy volunteers, 7-hour study visits (n = 11) Evidence B source
  SBP -3.3 mmHg (95% CI -6.43 to -0.15) vs beetroot with water

Safety, limits and interactions

• In a randomized crossover trial in 12 healthy men, 5.1 fl oz (150 mL) grapefruit juice just before oral felodipine gave stronger effects of the drug on diastolic pressure and heart rate. — healthy men, felodipine 10 mg oral ER or 1.5 mg intravenous, 5.1 fl oz (150 mL) grapefruit juice or water 15 min before (n = 12) Evidence B source
  More pronounced diastolic BP and heart rate effects of oral felodipine
• In a randomized crossover trial in 12 healthy men, a 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) glass of grapefruit juice with amlodipine did not change blood pressure or heart rate compared with water. — healthy male volunteers, single 5 mg amlodipine with 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice or water (n = 12) Evidence B source
  No significant BP or HR difference
• A meta-analysis of grapefruit juice studies with 13 dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers names this class as the most prone to the interaction. — healthy adults in pharmacokinetic studies of dihydropyridines with grapefruit juice or water Evidence A source
  Class most prone to the interaction
• A 2025 meta-analysis of 51 studies found grapefruit juice can cut blood levels of the blood pressure drugs aliskiren and celiprolol by about 80-90%. — human pharmacokinetic studies of fruit juices with antihypertensive drugs (n = 51 studies) Evidence A source
  AUC and Cmax of aliskiren and celiprolol down about 80-90%
• The FDA explains that grapefruit juice blocks intestinal CYP3A4, so more of an affected drug enters the blood and stays longer. — US consumers taking prescription drugs Evidence E source
  —
• A meta-analysis of 51 studies found grapefruit juice cut blood levels of the blood pressure drugs aliskiren and celiprolol by about 80-90%. — Human pharmacokinetic studies of fruit juices with antihypertensive drugs Evidence A source
  AUC and Cmax of aliskiren and celiprolol decreased about 80-90%; calcium channel blockers variably affected
• In a double-blind crossover trial in 12 adults, regular grapefruit juice raised midazolam exposure by 22%, while a low-furanocoumarin hybrid juice caused no interaction. — Healthy volunteers, 6.8 fl oz (200 mL) juice daily for 3 days, then 5 mg oral midazolam (n = 12) Evidence B source
  Midazolam AUC ratio 122% (90% CI 107-140) with regular juice; hybrid juice within 80-125% bioequivalence range
• In a randomized crossover study in 7 volunteers, grapefruit juice halved peak levels of prasugrel's active metabolite and lowered its antiplatelet effect by 5 percentage points. — Healthy volunteers, 6.8 fl oz (200 mL) juice three times daily for 4 days, single 10 mg prasugrel (n = 7) Evidence B source
  Active metabolite Cmax 51% (95% CI 32-84%) of control; platelet inhibition 5 points lower (95% CI 1-10)
• In a randomized crossover trial in 20 healthy adults, one 8.1 fl oz (240 mL) glass of grapefruit juice raised peak tolvaptan levels 1.86-fold. — Healthy subjects, single 60 mg tolvaptan with water or grapefruit juice (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Cmax 1.86-fold and AUC 1.56-fold higher; half-life unchanged
• In one open-label phase I study in healthy volunteers, 8.1 fl oz (240 mL) grapefruit juice twice daily for 4 days did not change blood levels of a single colchicine dose. — Healthy volunteers, open-label phase I, single 0.6 mg colchicine before and after juice (n = 44) Evidence C source
  No significant effect of grapefruit juice on colchicine pharmacokinetics
• The FDA-approved atorvastatin label warns that grapefruit juice can increase the risk of muscle damage (myopathy and rhabdomyolysis). — Atorvastatin calcium prescribing information, effective 2025-08-28 Evidence E source
  —
• The FDA-approved label for ezetimibe with simvastatin tells patients to avoid grapefruit juice. — Ezetimibe and simvastatin tablets prescribing information, effective 2025-07-18 Evidence E source
  —

What people believe that the data does not support

• In a 4-week double-blind RCT in 44 overweight adults with fatty liver, a naringenin supplement (the grapefruit flavanone) did not significantly lower systolic blood pressure. — overweight or obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, naringenin or placebo for 4 weeks (n = 44) Evidence B source
  Systolic blood pressure reduction marginal, P = 0.055
• The FDA lists some high blood pressure drugs, such as nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat CC), among drugs grapefruit juice can interact with. — US consumers taking prescription drugs Evidence E source
  —
• Among 103 adults with type 2 diabetes, knowledge of drug-food interactions was poor, including those involving grapefruit juice. — Adults with type 2 diabetes, questionnaire study (n = 103) Evidence C source
  Substantial knowledge gaps; dietary consultation linked to better knowledge (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.04-5.15)

Who this works differently for

• In 6599 middle-aged Australian women followed for 15 years, the highest flavanone intake was linked to a 17% lower risk of hypertension, with oranges and orange juice as main sources. — middle-aged women, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (n = 6599) Evidence C source
  Flavanones quintile 5 vs 1 adjusted RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.00)
• In the first report of the interaction, grapefruit juice nearly tripled felodipine levels in 6 men with borderline hypertension, with lower diastolic pressure and higher heart rate than with water. — men with borderline hypertension, felodipine 5 mg with water, grapefruit juice or orange juice (n = 6) Evidence C source
  Felodipine bioavailability 284% (range 164-469%) of water; lower diastolic BP, higher heart rate
• In 12 healthy people aged 70 to 83, one 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) glass of grapefruit juice raised felodipine exposure 2.9-fold and peak level 4.0-fold, with high variability between people. — healthy elderly people aged 70 to 83, felodipine 5 mg extended release with 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice or water (n = 12) Evidence B source
  Felodipine AUC 2.9-fold, Cmax 4.0-fold; high interindividual variability
• After finding a 2.9-fold rise in felodipine exposure in 12 people aged 70 to 83, the trial authors advise that older people be particularly cautioned against taking felodipine with grapefruit juice. — healthy elderly people aged 70 to 83 (n = 12) Evidence B source
  Advice based on pronounced and unpredictable interaction
• In 7 patients on tacrolimus with too-low drug levels, 6.8 fl oz (200 mL) grapefruit juice a day raised tacrolimus levels about 3.3-fold. — Patients with connective tissue disease on tacrolimus 3 mg/day or more (n = 7) Evidence C source
  Trough tacrolimus 4.3 to 13.8 ng/mL (average 3.3-fold)
• A case report describes a kidney transplant patient whose tacrolimus level jumped sixfold after blood orange juice followed by 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice. — One man aged 33 after kidney transplantation (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Tacrolimus rose from about 4.5 to 30 ug/L

What is still unknown

• The same meta-analysis says too few short trials and no known effective dose limit any conclusion about grapefruit and metabolic measures such as blood pressure. — overweight and obese adults in randomized clinical trials of grapefruit (n = 250) Evidence A source
  Evidence gap: few RCTs, short duration, no minimum effective dose
• The same umbrella review found that meta-analyses of citrus juice and of hesperidin supplements showed no significant effect on blood pressure. — meta-analyses of flavanone supplementation and citrus juice interventions (n = 25 meta-analyses) Evidence A source
  No significant blood pressure effect in the citrus juice and hesperidin meta-analyses
• The same 2025 meta-analysis says most juice and blood pressure drug studies did not measure blood pressure, so the clinical importance of these interactions remains uncertain. — human pharmacokinetic studies of fruit juices with antihypertensive drugs (n = 51 studies) Evidence A source
  Evidence gap: hemodynamic effects not assessed in most studies
• Most grapefruit juice drug studies measure blood levels, not blood pressure or outcomes, so the clinical importance of many interactions remains uncertain. — 51 pharmacokinetic studies of fruit juices with antihypertensive drugs Evidence A source
  —

The bottom line

Some studies found smaller changes, but they were small and in healthy volunteers. In a randomized crossover study in only 7 healthy volunteers, three glasses a day for four days halved the peak level of prasugrel's active metabolite (51%, 95% CI 32 to 84%), and platelet inhibition fell by 5 percentage points (95% CI 1 to 10). If you take prasugrel, follow your prescriber's advice on grapefruit juice. In one open-label study in healthy volunteers with no positive control, 8.1 fl oz (240 mL) twice daily for four days did not change blood levels of a single 0.6 mg dose of colchicine. One study in healthy volunteers does not cancel a label warning: if you take colchicine, its label warning still applies to you. In 24 volunteers in a non-randomized study, one 10 fl oz (300 mL) glass cut talinolol blood levels to 56% of those with water. Transplant and immune drugs need the most care. In 7 patients with connective tissue disease whose tacrolimus levels were too low, doctors deliberately added 6.8 fl oz (200 mL) juice a day under supervision, and trough levels rose from 4.3 to 13.8 ng/mL, about 3.3-fold, in a study without a control group. One 33-year-old kidney transplant patient saw tacrolimus jump sixfold to 30 mcg/L after blood orange juice followed by grapefruit juice, a single case where cause is not proven. In a survey of 103 adults with type 2 diabetes, knowledge of food and drug interactions, grapefruit juice included, was poor. If you take any regular prescription, check its label or ask a pharmacist before making this juice a habit. We found no study of grapefruit juice in pregnancy. As a drink it is plain citrus juice. The UK table gives 33 calories, 8.3 g sugars and 31 mg vitamin C per 3.5 oz (100 g), and the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements names it with orange and tomato juice as a large source of vitamin C. Bottled juice varies, though. Six USDA samples of white juice ranged from 29 to 62 mg vitamin C per 3.5 oz (100 g), and eight samples of red juice from 17.8 to 37.6 mg. A glass is counted as 248 g. In a randomized crossover trial in 11 healthy adults, adding 8.5 fl oz (250 mL) grapefruit juice to beetroot juice lowered systolic blood pressure by a further 3.3 mmHg at 5 hours (95% CI -6.43 to -0.15), a short-term effect in a small group.

Sources

1. grju-daily-r7-01 · USDA Foundation Foods 2026, dataset
   Grapefruit juice, white, canned or bottled, unsweetened (Foundation, release 2026-04-30): vitamin C 39.4 mg, range 29.0-62.1, n=6; potassium 141.0 mg, range 127.0-160.0, n=10; Grapefruit juice, red, not fortified: vitamin C 24.14 mg, range 17.8-37.6, n=8
   USDA FoodData Central, Foundation Foods, release 2026-04-30 · checked 2026-09-29
2. grju-daily-r7-02 · CoFID 2021, dataset
   Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (CoFID 14-275): energy 33 kcal, carbohydrate 8.3 g, total sugars 8.3 g, potassium 100 mg, vitamin C 31 mg per 100 g
   CoFID 2021, Public Health England / OGL v3.0, code 14-275 · checked 2026-09-29
3. grju-daily-r7-04 · fact sheet
   Orange juice, grapefruit juice, and tomato juice also contain large amounts of vitamin C, and vitamin C is added to some breakfast cereals.
   NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-09-29
4. grju-daily-r7-03 · USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, dataset
   Grapefruit juice, 100%, NS as to form (FNDDS 61201020, FDC 2709177, WWEIA Citrus juice): Quantity not specified 248 g; 1 fl oz (no ice) 31 g; 1 fl oz (with ice) 23 g; 1 fl oz (NFS) 31 g
   USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, food code 61201020 (FDC 2709177) · checked 2026-09-29
5. grju-daily-r7-09 · clinical trial
   A single glass of grapefruit juice decreased the talinolol area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC), peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), and urinary excretion values to 56% (P < .001), 57% (P < .001), and 56% (P < .001), respectively, of those with water.
   Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2005 · checked 2026-09-29
6. grju-daily-r7-12 · clinical trial
   No significant differences (p > 0.05) neither by juice nor by participant were observed in any case. The mean relative increase of VC, NAG and the radical scavenging ability (RSA) in blood serum due to grapefruit juices intake was 12%, 28% and 26%, respectively.
   Molecules, 2023 · checked 2026-09-29
7. ev-gfjbp-01 · meta-analysis of RCTs
   One hundred and fifty four citations were identified and three RCTs with a total of 250 participants were included. The RCTs were of moderate quality. A meta-analysis for change in body weight failed to reveal a significant difference between grapefruits and controls, MD: -0.45 kg (95% CI: -1.06 to 0.16; I2 = 53%, but analysis revealed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, MD: -2.43 mmHg (95% CI: -4.77 to -0.09; I2 = 0%).
   Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017, 57(3):602-612 · checked 2026-10-07
8. ev-gfjbp-03 · umbrella review
   In addition, Onakpoya et al. [33] reported a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after grapefruit juice consumption for 6 to 12 weeks [−2.43 mmHg (−4.77; −0.09)].
   Epidemiologia (Basel), 2026, 7(4):108 · checked 2026-10-07
9. ev-gfjbp-05 · RCT
   No differences between group in weight, blood pressure, or lipids were demonstrated. Grapefruit consumption was associated with modest weight loss (-0.61 ± 2.23 kg, P = .097), a significant reduction in waist circumference (-2.45 ± 0.60 cm, P = .0002), and a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (-3.21 ± 10.13 mm Hg, P = .03) compared with baseline values.
   Metabolism, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
10. ev-gfjbp-06 · RCT, crossover
    Peak mean differences in SBP and PP were seen at T = 5 hours: -3.3 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] -6.43 to -0.15) and at T = 2.5 hours: -4.2 mmHg (95% CI -0.3 to -8.2), respectively.
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
11. grju-daily-r7-11 · RCT, crossover
    Peak mean differences in SBP and PP were seen at T = 5 hours: -3.3 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] -6.43 to -0.15) and at T = 2.5 hours: -4.2 mmHg (95% CI -0.3 to -8.2), respectively.
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
12. ev-gfjbp-12 · RCT, crossover
    Juice intake immediately before oral felodipine resulted in more pronounced haemodynamic effects of the drug as measured by diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.
    Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1997 · checked 2026-10-07
13. ev-gfjbp-13 · RCT, crossover
    There were no significant differences in BP and HR between the two treatments.
    Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1996 · checked 2026-10-07
14. ev-gfjbp-14 · meta-analysis
    Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers belong to the category of drugs that are most prone to undergo such interaction.
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
15. ev-gfjbp-15 · meta-analysis
    Grapefruit juice (GFJ), an inhibitor of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, significantly decreased the AUC and Cmax of aliskiren and celiprolol by approximately 80-90 %.
    Complement Ther Med, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
16. ev-gfjbp-18 · agency guidance
    Grapefruit juice can block the action of intestinal CYP3A4, so instead of being metabolized, more of the drug enters the blood and stays in the body longer.
    US Food and Drug Administration, Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix, updated 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
17. grju-daily-r7-05 · meta-analysis
    Grapefruit juice (GFJ), an inhibitor of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, significantly decreased the AUC and Cmax of aliskiren and celiprolol by approximately 80-90 %.
    Complement Ther Med, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
18. grju-daily-r7-06 · RCT, crossover
    The point estimates (90% confidence intervals) for the RGJ/water midazolam AUC geometric mean ratio was 122% (107-140). The point estimate for the HGJ/water midazolam AUC ratio was within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence range, indicating an absence of interaction.
    J Clin Pharmacol, 2017 · checked 2026-09-29
19. grju-daily-r7-07 · RCT, crossover
    The average platelet inhibition, assessed with the VerifyNow® method at 0-24 h after prasugrel intake, was 5 percentage points (95% confidence interval 1-10 percentage points) lower in the grapefruit juice phase than in the water phase (P = 0.034).
    Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2015 · checked 2026-09-29
20. grju-daily-r7-08 · RCT, crossover
    The mean maximal plasma concentration (C(max)) and the area under the curve (AUC(∞)) of tolvaptan were increased 1.86- and 1.56-fold respectively when co-administered with grapefruit juice.
    Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2012 · checked 2026-09-29
21. grju-daily-r7-10 · clinical trial
    In contrast to label warnings based on the literature, grapefruit juice did not affect the pharmacokinetics of colchicine.
    Clin Ther, 2012 · checked 2026-09-29
22. grju-daily-r7-15 · drug label
    See full prescribing information for details regarding concomitant use of atorvastatin calcium with other drugs or grapefruit juice that increase the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis ( 2.5 , 7.1 ).
    DailyMed, atorvastatin calcium label, set id 05b0f170-ac97-4a83-b03a-659a4b493ee2, effective 2025-08-28 · checked 2026-09-29
23. grju-daily-r7-16 · drug label
    Grapefruit juice Avoid grapefruit juice
    DailyMed, ezetimibe and simvastatin label, set id 697ae8a7-2359-455f-9c21-e266f1c31288, effective 2025-07-18 · checked 2026-09-29
24. ev-gfjbp-07 · RCT
    Furthermore, naringenin supplementation could marginally reduce systolic blood pressure (P = 0.055).
    Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2022 · checked 2026-10-07
25. ev-gfjbp-17 · agency guidance
    Some drugs that treat high blood pressure, such as Procardia and Adalat CC (both nifedipine).
    US Food and Drug Administration, Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix, updated 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
26. grju-daily-r7-17 · cross-sectional
    Substantial gaps in DFI knowledge were identified, particularly regarding interactions involving dietary fiber, dairy products, grapefruit juice, and nutrient deficiencies associated with long-term pharmacotherapy.
    Nutrients, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
27. ev-gfjbp-08 · cohort
    Higher intakes of flavones [adjusted relative risk (ARR) for quintile 5 vs. 1: 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.97], isoflavones (0.86, 0.75-0.99) and flavanones (0.83, 0.69-1.00) were associated with a lower risk of hypertension in the middle-aged cohort.
    Eur J Nutr, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
28. ev-gfjbp-09 · clinical trial
    Six men with borderline hypertension took felodipine 5 mg with water, grapefruit juice, or orange juice. The mean felodipine bioavailability with grapefruit juice was 284 (range 164-469)% of that with water. The dehydrofelodipine/felodipine AUC ratio was lower, diastolic blood pressure lower, and heart rate higher with grapefruit juice than with water.
    Lancet, 1991, 337(8736):268-269 · checked 2026-10-07
29. ev-gfjbp-10 · RCT, crossover
    Mean felodipine area under the curve and maximum concentration were 2.9-fold and 4.0-fold greater, respectively, with grapefruit juice in both studies. Interindividual variability in the extent of the interaction was high.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2000 · checked 2026-10-07
30. ev-gfjbp-11 · RCT, crossover
    The elderly should be particularly cautioned about concomitant grapefruit juice and felodipine ingestion.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2000 · checked 2026-10-07
31. grju-daily-r7-13 · clinical trial
    GFJ increased the TAC level from 4.3±2.4 ng/mL to 13.8±6.9 ng/mL (average increase: 3.3-fold).
    Intern Med, 2016 · checked 2026-09-29
32. grju-daily-r7-14 · case report
    The following morning, his tacrolimus concentration had risen sharply sixfold to 30 µg/L, far above the increase typically associated with grapefruit juice alone.
    J Med Case Rep, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
33. ev-gfjbp-02 · meta-analysis of RCTs
    Paucity in the number of RCTs, short durations of interventions, and lack of an established minimum effective dose limit the conclusions that can be drawn about the effects of grapefruit on body weight and metabolic parameters.
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017, 57(3):602-612 · checked 2026-10-07
34. ev-gfjbp-04 · umbrella review
    No significant results were observed by the other two meta-analyses evaluating hesperidin supplementation and citrus juice interventions [35,38].
    Epidemiologia (Basel), 2026, 7(4):108 · checked 2026-10-07
35. ev-gfjbp-16 · meta-analysis
    Hemodynamic effects were not assessed in most studies; thus, the clinical significance of these interactions remains uncertain and should be further investigated.
    Complement Ther Med, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
36. grju-daily-r7-18 · meta-analysis
    Hemodynamic effects were not assessed in most studies; thus, the clinical significance of these interactions remains uncertain and should be further investigated.
    Complement Ther Med, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29