Coconut water: no better than water for a workout

Coconut water is sold as a better way to rehydrate, and the one trial in athletes did not find that. In a randomized trial in 10 trained male cyclists, it gave no better hydration and no faster 10 km time trial than plain water, 971.4 against 966.6 seconds. The riders also liked it less and drank 3.9 fl oz (115 mL) of it against 7.1 fl oz (208.7 mL) of water. The potassium story is weaker than it sounds too. In 32 women aged 25 to 44 with prehypertension, 10 fl oz (300 mL) twice a day for 14 days did not raise plasma potassium compared with water. USDA lists the liquid from coconuts at 250 mg potassium, 105 mg sodium and 25 mg magnesium per 3.5 oz (100 g), and the ready-to-drink record holds as little as 165 mg potassium and 26 mg sodium. The US survey database counts the water from one coconut as 206 g and an unspecified serving as 240 g. The nut itself changes things. In 45 dwarf coconuts from one Brazilian region, potassium, magnesium and osmolarity in the water fell as the fruit matured from the sixth to the ninth month.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

As people eat it, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• USDA lists coconut water at 250 mg potassium, 105 mg sodium and 25 mg magnesium per 3.5 oz (100 g), while the ready-to-drink record holds as little as 165 mg potassium and 26 mg sodium. — USDA SR Legacy records for Nuts, coconut water (liquid from coconuts) and Beverages, Coconut water, ready-to-drink (n = 2 records) Evidence E source
  Potassium 250 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) (5% DV), sodium 105 mg (5% DV), magnesium 25 mg (6% DV); range across 2 records potassium 165 to 250, sodium 26 to 105, magnesium 6 to 25 mg
• In 45 Brazilian dwarf coconuts analyzed from the sixth to ninth month, potassium, calcium, magnesium and osmolarity in the water fell as the fruit matured, with median potassium 64 mEq/L. — Coconut water from 45 coconuts of dwarf palms in a non-coastal region of Brazil, 6 to 9 months maturity (n = 45) Evidence C source
  Median potassium 64 mEq/L (46 to 99), sodium 3 mEq/L, osmolarity 419 mOsmol/L (354 to 472), falling with maturity
• The magnesium-rich water in that trial held 252 mg of magnesium per liter, against 0.15 mg per liter in the soft water. — 40 healthy subjects, 1 L/day of the assigned water for 14 days (n = 40) Evidence B source
  Magnesium 252 mg/L (total hardness 1033 mg/L) vs 0.15 mg/L (hardness 27 mg/L)

What a real portion looks like

• The US dietary survey database counts one fluid ounce of unsweetened coconut water as 30 g, the water from one coconut as 206 g and an unspecified serving as 240 g. — FNDDS food code 42403010 Coconut water, unsweetened (n = 5 portion measures) Evidence E source
  1 fl oz 30 g, 1 fl oz with ice 23 g, 1 coconut yields 206 g, quantity not specified 240 g
• In the US dietary survey database, unsweetened coconut water has 18 calories and 3.92 g of sugars per 3.5 oz (100 g), so a 8.5 oz (240 g) serving gives about 43 calories and 9.4 g of sugars. — FNDDS food code 42403010 Coconut water, unsweetened (n = 1 food code) Evidence E source
  18 calories/100 g; total sugars 3.92 g/100 g; 8.5 oz (240 g) serving 43.2 calories, 9.4 g sugars
• Sweetened coconut water has 37 calories and 8.78 g of sugars per 3.5 oz (100 g), so a 13 oz (360 g) can gives about 133 calories and 32 g of sugars, twice the unsweetened version. — FNDDS food code 42404010 Coconut water, sweetened (n = 1 food code) Evidence E source
  37 calories/100 g; total sugars 8.78 g/100 g; 13 oz (360 g) can about 133 calories, 31.6 g sugars (calculated)

What your body absorbs

• In a randomized crossover study in 17 healthy volunteers, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water left the stomach in a mean 2.5 hours, against 4.5 hours for a meat sandwich. — Healthy volunteers of both sexes after a 10 h fast, gastric ultrasound (n = 17) Evidence B source
  Gastric emptying 2.5 ± 0.7 h for 14 fl oz (400 mL) coconut water vs 4.5 ± 0.9 h for a 145 g sandwich (p < 0.001)

What it does to your health

• In a randomized trial in 10 male cyclists, coconut water gave no better hydration or 10 km time trial performance than plain water, and they drank less of it voluntarily. — Trained males aged about 28, 60 min submaximal cycling then a 10 km time trial (n = 10) Evidence B source
  Time trial 971.4 vs 966.6 s (p = 0.698); voluntary intake 3.9 vs 7.1 fl oz (115 vs 208.7 mL) (p < 0.001)
• In a small randomized crossover trial in people without kidney stones, a week of daily coconut water raised 24-hour urinary citrate by 273.8 mg. — 20 non-stone formers, six completed the coconut water arm, one week per beverage (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Urinary citrate +273.8 mg/24 h (95% CI 67.9 to 480); urine pH and volume unchanged
• In a 2024 Indonesian study of 30 adults with stage 1 hypertension, 5.1 fl oz (150 mL) of young coconut water each morning for 7 days lowered systolic and diastolic pressure within the group, while the control group did not change significantly. — people aged over 35 years with stage I hypertension, Kuantan Singingi district, Riau, Indonesia (n = 30 (15 per group)) Evidence C source
  Significant within-group fall in systolic and diastolic BP in the coconut water group (p<0.05); no significant change in controls (p>0.05); mmHg difference not given in the abstract
• In a 2005 two week trial in Trinidad, 28 people with hypertension were split into four groups, and in the group given a mix of coconut water and mauby the largest decreases in mean pressure were 24 mmHg systolic and 15 mmHg diastolic. — 28 hypertensive subjects in four equal groups (bottled water, coconut water, mauby, mixture), 2 weeks (n = 28) Evidence C source
  Largest falls in the mixture group: 24 mmHg systolic, 15 mmHg diastolic, about double the single interventions
• The WHO potassium guideline's meta-analysis of 21 studies found raising potassium intake lowered resting systolic pressure by 3.49 mmHg and diastolic by 3.02 mmHg, high quality evidence. — adults in trials of increased versus lower potassium intake (median difference 57 mmol/day) (n = 21 studies) Evidence A source
  SBP -3.49 mmHg (95% CI 1.82 to 5.15); DBP -3.02 mmHg (1.17 to 4.86); quality high
• In the same meta-analysis, high-mineral water raised the chance of responding to constipation treatment by 47 percent compared with low-mineral water, in 539 people. — adults with chronic constipation in RCTs comparing high-mineral with low-mineral water (n = 539) Evidence A source
  RR 1.47 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.81) for response to treatment
• In a 2026 randomized trial of 40 healthy adults, 1.1 quarts (1 liter) a day of magnesium-rich mineral water for 14 days softened stools more than soft water, by 0.57 points on the Bristol scale. — 40 healthy subjects without chronic constipation or IBS, 1 L/day of magnesium-rich mineral water or soft water for 14 days (n = 40) Evidence B source
  Between-group difference in BSFS change 0.57 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.04; p = 0.02) at week 2
• A 2026 network meta-analysis of 19 RCTs in functional constipation ranked fruit-based foods above mineral water for bowel movement frequency, with low certainty for that comparison. — patients with functional constipation in RCTs of dietary interventions, searched to 20 August 2025 (n = 19 RCTs) Evidence A source
  Fruit-based foods better than fiber supplements (moderate certainty), mineral water (low certainty) and placebo (moderate certainty) for defecation frequency
• In the same meta-analysis, 100% fruit juice at up to 10% of energy did not raise weight when added to the diet, while sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit drinks did. — addition trials by food source within 169 controlled trials (n = 169 trials, 10,357 participants) Evidence A source
  Addition trials: dried fruits, honey, fruits (<=10%E) and 100% fruit juice (<=10%E) decreased weight; SSBs, fruit drink and mixed sources with SSBs increased
• In a 6-month randomized trial of 318 adults with overweight or obesity, replacing at least 200 calories a day of caloric drinks with water or diet drinks led to average weight losses of 2 to 2.5%. — overweight and obese adults, BMI 36.3, 84% female, substituting noncaloric beverages for caloric beverages (>=200 calories/d) (n = 318) Evidence B source
  Weight -2.5% diet beverages, -2.03% water, -1.76% attention control at 6 months; no significant difference between groups; OR 2.07 (1.02-4.22) for 5% weight loss with any replacement

Safety, limits and interactions

• In a double-blind trial in 95 adults with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water daily for 8 weeks added to standard therapy raised remission to 53.1% from 28.3% on placebo, with no case of hyperkalemia. — Adults with mild to moderate endoscopically active ulcerative colitis on standard medical therapy, 8 weeks, India (n = 95) Evidence B source
  Remission 53.1% vs 28.3% (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.7); clinical response 57.1% vs 28.3% (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4 to 7.9); no hyperkalemia
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, very high potassium intakes can exceed the kidney's capacity to excrete potassium and cause acute hyperkalemia even in healthy people. — General population, NIH potassium fact sheet Evidence E source
  Acute hyperkalemia possible with very high potassium amounts
• A dose-response meta-analysis of 32 trials found the blood pressure benefit of extra potassium weakens above about 30 mmol a day, and pressure rises above about 80 mmol. — mostly adults with hypertension in trials of potassium supplementation (30 to 140 mmol/day), at least 4 weeks (n = 32 trials) Evidence A source
  U-shaped curve: benefit weakens above a 30 mmol/day difference in potassium excretion; BP increase above about 80 mmol/day, seen in drug-treated hypertension
• The US label for losartan, a common blood pressure drug, warns that combining it with other things that raise serum potassium may cause hyperkalemia. — patients taking losartan Evidence E source
  Risk of hyperkalemia; monitor serum potassium
• In a double-blind trial of 95 people with ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water a day for 8 weeks caused no more adverse events than placebo and no case of hyperkalemia. — patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) coconut water or placebo daily plus standard therapy, 8 weeks (n = 95) Evidence B source
  Adverse events comparable; no patient developed hyperkalemia
• In a double-blind RCT of 95 adults with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water a day for 8 weeks caused no more adverse events than placebo and no hyperkalemia. — patients with mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis on standard therapy, 14 fl oz (400 mL) coconut water or placebo daily for 8 weeks (n = 95) Evidence B source
  Adverse events comparable with placebo; no patient developed hyperkalemia
• A 2021 case report describes a man in Denmark who died after drinking a little coconut water from a ready-to-drink coconut kept unrefrigerated for a month and spoiled by a fungus producing 3-nitropropionic acid. — One 69-year-old man, Denmark (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Fatal encephalopathy from 3-nitropropionic acid in spoiled coconut water
• In a double-blind RCT of 95 adults with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water a day for 8 weeks caused no more adverse events than placebo and no hyperkalemia. — patients with mild to moderate endoscopically active ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) coconut water for 8 weeks (n = 95) Evidence B source
  Adverse events comparable; no hyperkalemia

What people believe that the data does not support

• An audit of 945 sugar-containing drinks in Australian stores found coconut waters among the categories most often labeled as natural or healthy despite their sugar. — 945 sugar-containing beverage labels from 17 grocery stores in Adelaide, 2016 (n = 945) Evidence C source
  87.7% of beverages carried better-for-you features, more common among coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices
• WHO strongly recommends increasing potassium intake from food to lower blood pressure in adults. — adults Evidence E source
  Strong recommendation to increase potassium intake from food
• The 2025 British Dietetic Association guideline for adult constipation reports that high-mineral water did not change stool frequency compared with low-mineral water, across four RCTs in 638 people. — people with chronic constipation in four RCTs of high versus low mineral-content water (n = 638) Evidence E source
  MD +0.41 bowel movements/week (95% CI -0.05 to 0.88), no significant difference; dose 0.5 to 1.5 L/day for 2 to 6 weeks
• The 2026 ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN guideline for childhood functional constipation found no evidence for fluid intake beyond recommended daily amounts. — children aged 0-18 years with functional constipation (n = 102 RCTs reviewed for the guideline) Evidence E source
  No evidence for extra fluid, fiber or physical activity beyond recommended daily amounts
• A 2026 meta-analysis of 14 RCTs lasting 3 to 76 weeks found that swapping sugar-sweetened drinks for artificially sweetened ones lowered body weight by 1.6 lb (0.73 kg). The consensus put water and unsweetened drinks first. — RCTs replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with artificially sweetened beverages (n = 14 RCTs) Evidence A source
  Body weight -1.6 lb (-0.73 kg), body fat -0.72%
• In an audit of 945 sugar-containing drink labels in Australia, coconut waters were among the categories most often marketed as better for you despite their sugar content. — labels of sugar-containing beverages in 17 Adelaide grocery stores, 2016 (n = 945) Evidence C source
  87.7% of labels had better-for-you features; more common for coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices

Who this works differently for

• In a randomized trial in 32 prehypertensive women, 10 fl oz (300 mL) of tender coconut water twice daily for 14 days did not raise plasma potassium compared with water. — Women aged 25 to 44 with prehypertension, 14 days (n = 32) Evidence B source
  No significant difference in plasma potassium between groups (p = 0.247)
• A case report describes a 78-year-old man on losartan and spironolactone who developed serum potassium of 7.02 mEq/L and flaccid paralysis after a week of heavy king coconut water intake. — One 78-year-old man with renal failure, diabetes and ischemic heart disease (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Serum potassium 7.02 mEq/L, preterminal arrhythmia, full neurological recovery within 24 h
• A case report describes a 6-month-old boy fed a homemade coconut water based solution for months who presented with stridor, seizure, very low ionized calcium and rickets. — One 6-month-old infant (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Ionized calcium 0.49 mmol/L, rickets, delayed milestones
• A trial in children with mild diarrhea concluded young coconut water can serve as home oral rehydration early in mild disease, but not in severe cholera, dehydration or impaired kidney function. — Well-nourished children with mild diarrhea, Trinidad and Tobago Evidence B source
  Usable as home glucose electrolyte solution in early mild diarrhea; electrolyte composition not balanced
• A meta-analysis of potassium supplement trials in people with hypertension found systolic pressure fell by 4.48 mmHg and diastolic by 2.96 mmHg, more in high salt eaters and those not on drugs. — hypertensive subjects in RCTs of potassium supplementation lasting at least 4 weeks (n = 25 RCTs, 1163 participants (per NIH ODS)) Evidence A source
  SBP -4.48 mmHg (95% CI 3.07 to 5.90); DBP -2.96 mmHg (1.10 to 4.82)
• In people with normal blood pressure, a 2024 meta-analysis found potassium at up to 60 mmol a day for over a month lowered systolic pressure by about 2.3 mmHg. — general normotensive population in placebo-controlled RCTs of potassium supplementation Evidence A source
  SBP -2.34 mmHg at doses of 60 mmol/day or less; -2.80 mmHg with duration over 1 month
• According to NIH ODS, people with chronic kidney disease or on ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics can develop high blood potassium even from dietary intakes below the adequate intake. — people with impaired urinary potassium excretion Evidence E source
  No UL for potassium in healthy people; hyperkalemia risk with CKD, ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics
• A 2022 meta-analysis of 52 RCTs in 4668 children with functional constipation found no benefit from increasing water intake. — children aged 2 weeks to 18 years with functional constipation in RCTs of nonpharmacologic treatment (n = 52 RCTs, 4668 children) Evidence A source
  No benefit for increased water intake (also none for probiotics, synbiotics, dry cupping)
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, people with chronic kidney disease or taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics can develop hyperkalemia even from dietary potassium below the adequate intake. — people with impaired urinary potassium excretion, NIH potassium fact sheet Evidence E source
  Hyperkalemia possible even at dietary potassium intakes below the AI
• A 2024 case report describes a term newborn with serum sodium of 113 mmol/L and two seizures after birth, attributed to the mother drinking excessive amounts of coconut water during labor. — One term neonate and the mother, who drank coconut water during labor (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Neonatal serum sodium 113 mmol/L, two seizures, corrected with 3% saline without sequelae
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, people with chronic kidney disease or taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics can develop hyperkalemia even from dietary potassium below the adequate intake. — People with impaired urinary potassium excretion, NIH potassium fact sheet Evidence E source
  Hyperkalemia possible even at dietary potassium intakes below the AI
• According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, people with chronic kidney disease or taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics can develop hyperkalemia even from dietary potassium below the adequate intake. — people with impaired urinary potassium excretion, NIH potassium fact sheet Evidence E source
  Hyperkalemia possible even at dietary potassium intakes below the AI

What is still unknown

• In the only randomized trial found, 32 women aged 25 to 44 were randomly allocated to 14 days of tender coconut water or water. — 32 women aged 25-44 years with prehypertension, 10 fl oz (300 mL) tender coconut water or water twice daily, 14 days (n = 32) Evidence B source
  Plasma potassium not significantly different between groups (p = 0.247); blood pressure result not reported in the abstract
• NIH ODS notes that most potassium trials lowered blood pressure, but a Cochrane review of the six highest quality trials found only nonsignificant reductions. — people in potassium supplementation trials, NIH potassium fact sheet (n = 6 trials (Cochrane)) Evidence E source
  Nonsignificant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP in the highest quality trials
• A 2024 meta-analysis of foods, drinks and diets for chronic constipation in adults found 23 studies with 1714 participants and none tested coconut water. The drinks studied were high-mineral water, extra water and prune juice. — intervention trials (RCTs, non-randomized, uncontrolled) of foods, drinks and diets in adults with chronic constipation, searched to July 2023 (n = 23 studies (17 RCTs), 1714 participants) Evidence A source
  No coconut water studies; drinks tested: high-mineral water (4 studies), water supplementation (1), prune juice (1)
• A 2025 meta-analysis found that drinking extra fluid raised the amniotic fluid index by about 0.39 in (1 cm) within 2 hours in pregnancies with low amniotic fluid. — Pregnant women with oligohydramnios in 12 studies (RCTs, quasi-experimental and observational), 4 pooled (n = 12 studies) Evidence C source
  AFI mean difference 0.996 (95% CI 0.781 to 1.210) at 2 hours; 2.232 (95% CI 0.943 to 3.520) at 1 week; high heterogeneity by fluid type, volume and frequency
• A 2023 meta-analysis of 169 controlled trials with 10,357 people found that sugars added on top of the diet raised body weight by 0.62 lb (0.28 kg), while removing them lowered it by 2.1 lb (0.96 kg). Coconut water was not among the 14 food sources tested. — controlled trials of at least 2 weeks of food sources of fructose-containing sugars, searched to April 2022 (n = 169 trials (255 comparisons), 10,357 participants) Evidence A source
  Addition trials MD +0.62 lb (0.13 to 1.1; metric: 0.28 kg, 0.06 to 0.50); subtraction trials MD -2.1 lb (-3.9 to -0.31; metric: -0.96 kg, -1.78 to -0.14); no effect in substitution or ad libitum trials; GRADE generally moderate

The bottom line

In 17 healthy volunteers, 14 fl oz (400 mL) of coconut water left the stomach in a mean 2.5 hours, against 4.5 hours for a meat sandwich. That measures emptying and says nothing about how much potassium is taken up. Two findings in people with specific conditions look promising and are still early. In a double-blind trial in 95 adults in India with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, 14 fl oz (400 mL) a day for 8 weeks on top of standard therapy brought remission to 53.1 percent against 28.3 percent on placebo (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.7). It was a single center, and the abstract does not say how the placebo was made. In a crossover trial in people without kidney stones, a week of coconut water raised urinary citrate by 273.8 mg a day, but only six people drank it and stones were never measured. A 1992 trial in well-nourished children with mild diarrhea concluded young coconut water could serve as home rehydration early in mild illness, despite not having a balanced electrolyte content. The same authors said it should not be used in severe cholera, in dehydrated children or when kidney function is impaired. The caution is potassium. The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements says very high amounts of potassium supplements or salt substitutes can cause acute hyperkalemia even in healthy people, and it names no threshold for coconut water. A case report describes a 78-year-old man with kidney failure, on losartan and spironolactone, whose potassium reached 7.02 mEq/L with paralysis after a week of heavy king coconut water, alongside several other triggers. If you take drugs like these or have kidney disease, ask the person treating you. Another case report describes a 6-month-old fed a homemade coconut water solution for months in place of milk feeds, who developed very low calcium and rickets. An audit of 945 sugary drinks in Australian shops found coconut waters among the categories most often labeled as natural or healthy. We found no card on pregnancy for coconut water.

Sources

1. cwat-r2-01 · USDA FoodData Central SR Legacy, dataset
   Nuts, coconut water (liquid from coconuts) (FDC 170174, SR Legacy, Nut and Seed Products): magnesium 25 mg per 100 g = 6% DV; potassium 250 mg = 5% DV; sodium 105 mg = 5% DV; across 2 records magnesium 6-25, potassium 165-250, sodium 26-105; Foundation samples 0, CoFID match none
   USDA FoodData Central, SR Legacy, FDC 170174 · checked 2026-09-29
2. cwat-r2-02 · cross-sectional analysis
   Coconut water from a total of 45 coconuts, from the sixth to ninth months' maturity, were analyzed to measure glucose, electrolytes, total proteins and osmolarity and to identify the sugars contained...detected a reduction in the concentration of potassium (64 mEq/L; 46 and 99), calcium (6.5 mmol/L; 5 and 8.5), magnesium (8 mmol/L; 3.9 and 9.8), chloride (38.5 mEq/L; 30 and 48.7) and osmolarity (419 mOsmol/L; 354 and 472).
   J Pediatr (Rio J), 2006 · checked 2026-09-29
3. ev-cwc-05 · RCT
   The soft water contained magnesium at a concentration of 0.15 mg/L with a total hardness of 27 mg/L, whereas the magnesium‐rich mineral water contained magnesium at 252 mg/L with a total hardness of 1033 mg/L.
   Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
4. cwat-r2-03 · USDA FNDDS portion weights, dataset
   Coconut water, unsweetened (FNDDS 42403010, fdc_id 2707572, WWEIA Fruit drinks): 1 fl oz (no ice) 30 g; 1 fl oz (with ice) 23 g; 1 fl oz (NFS) 30 g; 1 coconut yields 206 g; Quantity not specified 240 g
   USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, food code 42403010, FDC 2707572 · checked 2026-09-29
5. ev-cwwl-05 · USDA FNDDS nutrient values, dataset
   Coconut water, unsweetened (fdc_id 2707572): Energy 18 KCAL per 100 g; Quantity not specified 240 g 43.2 KCAL; Total Sugars 3.92 G per 100 g; 240 g 9.4 G
   USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, food code 42403010, FDC 2707572 · checked 2026-10-07
6. ev-cwwl-06 · USDA FNDDS nutrient values, dataset
   Coconut water, sweetened (fdc_id 2707573): Energy 37 KCAL per 100 g; Total Sugars 8.78 G per 100 g; 1 can 360 g
   USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, food code 42404010, FDC 2707573 · checked 2026-10-07
7. cwat-r2-04 · randomized crossover study
   We performed a prospective, crossover, evaluator-blinded study involving 17 healthy volunteers of both sexes...intake of 400mL of coconut water or a 145g, 355kcal meat sandwich...Mean + SD gastric emptying times were 2.5 + 0.7 and 4.5 + 0.9h for liquid and solid foods, respectively (p<0.001).
   Braz J Anesthesiol, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
8. cwat-r2-05 · randomized crossover trial
   10 males (age 27.9 ± 4.9 years, body mass 78.1 ± 10.1kg, average max minute power 300.2 ± 28.2W) completed 60-min of submaximal cycling followed by a 10-km time trial on two occasions...CW did not significantly improve time trial performance compared with PW (971.4 ± 50.5 and 966.6 ± 44.8 s respectively; p = .698) and there was also no significant differences between trials for any of the physiological variables measured. However there were subjective differences between the beverages for taste, resulting in a significantly reduced volume of voluntary intake in the CW trial (115 ± 95.41 ml and 208.7 ± 86.22 ml; p < .001).
   Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2017 · checked 2026-09-29
9. cwat-r2-08 · randomized crossover trial
   Twenty participants were enrolled...Six consumed ACV, six coconut water, eight lemon water, and six diet orange soda...Coconut water (+ 273.8 mg/24 h, 95% CI 67.9-480 mg/24 h) and lemon water (+ 167.7 mg/24 h, 95% CI 16-319 mg/24 h) were associated with increased urinary citrate.
   Int Urol Nephrol, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
10. ev-cwbp-01 · clinical trial
    Systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention showed significant difference in group A (p<0.05), while the difference in group B was not significant (p>0.05).
    J Pak Med Assoc, 2024, The Effect of Young Coconut Water on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients (PMID 39221800) · checked 2026-10-07
11. ev-cwbp-02 · clinical trial
    For the group receiving the mixture, the largest decreases in mean systolic and mean diastolic pressure were 24 mmHg and 15 mmHg respectively; these were approximately double the largest values seen with the single interventions.
    West Indian Med J, 2005 · checked 2026-10-07
12. ev-cwbp-07 · meta-analysis
    The meta-analysis of 21 studies with 21 comparisons found that increased potassium resulted in a decrease in resting systolic blood pressure of 3.49 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82, 5.15) (quality of evidence high1) and a decrease in resting diastolic blood pressure of 3.02 mmHg (95%CI: 1.17, 4.86) (quality of evidence high).
    WHO, 2012, Guideline: potassium intake for adults and children · checked 2026-10-07
13. ev-cwc-02 · meta-analysis
    High-mineral water resulted in higher response to treatment than low-mineral water (RR: 1.47, [1.20-1.81], n = 539).
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
14. ev-cwc-04 · RCT
    ANCOVA demonstrated a significantly greater increase in BSFS score in the magnesium‐rich mineral water group compared with the soft water group, with a between‐group difference of 0.57 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.04; p = 0.02).
    Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
15. ev-cwc-08 · network meta-analysis
    For defecation frequency, fruit-based foods (category 1) were better than fiber supplements (moderate certainty), mineral water (low certainty), and placebo (moderate certainty).
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
16. ev-cwwl-02 · meta-analysis
    There was interaction/influence by food sources on body weight: substitution trials [fruits decreased; added nutritive sweeteners and mixed sources (with SSBs) increased]; addition trials [dried fruits, honey, fruits (≤10%E), and 100% fruit juice (≤10%E) decreased; SSBs, fruit drink, and mixed sources (with SSBs) increased]; subtraction trials [removal of mixed sources (with SSBs) decreased]; and ad libitum trials [mixed sources (with/without SSBs) increased].
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2023 · checked 2026-10-07
17. ev-cwwl-04 · RCT
    Replacement of caloric beverages with noncaloric beverages as a weight-loss strategy resulted in average weight losses of 2% to 2.5%.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
18. cwat-r2-07 · randomized controlled trial
    Four hundred mL of CW was administered for 8 weeks...95 were included for modified intention to treat analysis (CW, n = 49; placebo, n = 46)...Clinical response (57.1% vs 28.3%; odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-7.9; P = .01), remission (53.1% vs 28.3%; OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-6.7; P = .02)...Adverse events were comparable, and no patient developed hyperkalemia.
    Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29
19. cwat-r2-09 · agency fact sheet
    However, very high amounts of potassium supplements or salt substitutes that contain potassium could exceed the kidney’s capacity to excrete potassium, causing acute hyperkalemia even in healthy individuals.
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-09-29
20. ev-cwbp-06 · meta-analysis
    We observed a U-shaped relationship between 24-hour active and control arm differences in potassium excretion and BP levels, with weakening of the BP reduction effect above differences of 30 mmol/d and a BP increase above differences ≈80 mmol/d.
    J Am Heart Assoc, 2020 · checked 2026-10-07
21. ev-cwbp-11 · drug label
    Coadministration of losartan with other drugs that raise serum potassium levels may result in hyperkalemia.
    Losartan potassium tablets, FDA-approved label (DailyMed), effective 2026-08-27 · checked 2026-10-07
22. ev-cwbp-12 · RCT
    Adverse events were comparable, and no patient developed hyperkalemia.
    Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
23. ev-cwc-09 · RCT
    Adverse events were comparable, and no patient developed hyperkalemia.
    Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
24. ev-cwpg-04 · case report
    The cause of death was poisoning with 3-nitropropionic acid from coconut water spoiled with the fungus Arthrinium saccharicola.
    Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2021 · checked 2026-10-06
25. ev-cwwl-08 · RCT
    Adverse events were comparable, and no patient developed hyperkalemia.
    Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
26. cwat-r2-13 · cross-sectional study
    The content of 945 sugar-containing beverages labels were analysed for explicit and implicit features positioning them as healthy or BFY. RESULTS: The mean sugar content of beverages was high at 8·3 g/100 ml and most sugar-containing beverages (87·7 %) displayed features that position them as BFY...Features positioning beverages as BFY were more common among certain categories of beverages, namely coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices.
    Public Health Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
27. ev-cwbp-08 · guideline
    WHO recommends an increase in potassium intake from food for reduction of blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults (strong recommendation1 ).
    WHO, 2012, Guideline: potassium intake for adults and children · checked 2026-10-07
28. ev-cwc-03 · guideline
    Overall, high mineral‐content water had no impact on stool frequency, compared to low mineral‐content water (MD +0.41 bowel movements/week, 95% CI −0.05, 0.88 bowel movements/week).
    Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
29. ev-cwc-07 · guideline
    There is no evidence to support physical activity, fluid, or fiber intake in the treatment of FC in children beyond the recommended daily amounts.
    J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2026, ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for treatment of functional constipation in children aged 0-18 years · checked 2026-10-07
30. ev-cwwl-03 · meta-analysis
    In 14 RCTs (3-76 weeks), replacing SSBs with ASBs produced modest reductions in body weight (-0.73 kg) and body fat (-0.72%), with inconsistent effects on glycemic and cardiometabolic markers.
    Diabetes Metab J, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
31. ev-cwwl-07 · cross-sectional study
    Features positioning beverages as BFY were more common among certain categories of beverages, namely coconut waters, iced teas, sports drinks and juices.
    Public Health Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-10-07
32. cwat-r2-06 · randomized controlled trial
    Thirthy-two female aged 25-44 years were randomly allocated to 14 days on TCW or water in a parallel randomized clinical trial. The treatment (T) group received TCW 300 ml twice daily and the control (C) group received water 300 ml twice daily too...After 14 days treatment, potassium plasma level between T and C groups were not significantly different (p=0,247).
    Curr Hypertens Rev, 2017 · checked 2026-09-29
33. cwat-r2-10 · case report
    We report the case of acute ascending flaccid paralysis secondary to hyperkalemia induced by multiple trigger factors-king coconut water, renal failure, diabetes, metabolic acidosis, and potassium sparing diuretics. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old man presented with acute ascending type flaccid paralysis over five-hour duration and subsequently developed preterminal cardiac arrhythmias secondary to severe hyperkalemia (serum potassium: 7.02 mEq/L). He was on Losartan and Spironolactone for ischemic heart disease. Dietary history revealed excessive intake of king coconut water (Cocos nucifera) over past one week.
    Case Rep Neurol Med, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
34. cwat-r2-11 · case report
    A thorough evaluation revealed an ionized calcium of 0.49 mmol/L, and further history revealed the patient was being fed a coconut water-based homemade solution for several months. He was subsequently found to have rickets and delay in milestone achievement.
    Pediatr Emerg Care, 2020 · checked 2026-09-29
35. cwat-r2-12 · randomized controlled trial
    Our results suggest that young coconut water can be used, together with early refeeding, as a home glucose electrolyte oral rehydration solution in the early stages of mild diarrhoeal disease, despite not having a balanced electrolyte composition. However, it should not be used in patients with severe cholera, or in patients who are dehydrated and/or in whom renal function is impaired.
    Trop Geogr Med, 1992 · checked 2026-09-29
36. ev-cwbp-04 · meta-analysis
    Overall, potassium supplementation decreased systolic blood pressure of 4.48mmHg (95% CI 3.07-5.90) and diastolic blood pressure of 2.96mmHg (1.10-4.82).
    Int J Cardiol, 2017 · checked 2026-10-07
37. ev-cwbp-05 · meta-analysis
    Potassium at dosages of ≤60 mmol/day and durations greater than 1 month reduced SBP by -2.34 and -2.80 mm Hg, respectively.
    Nutrients, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
38. ev-cwbp-10 · agency position
    However, in people with impaired urinary potassium excretion due to chronic kidney disease or the use of certain medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, even dietary potassium intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia [11].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
39. ev-cwc-06 · meta-analysis
    In contrast, studies showed no benefit for the use of probiotics, synbiotics, an increase in water intake, dry cupping, or additional biofeedback or behavioral therapy.
    J Pediatr, 2022 · checked 2026-10-07
40. ev-cwc-10 · agency fact sheet
    However, in people with impaired urinary potassium excretion due to chronic kidney disease or the use of certain medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, even dietary potassium intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia [11].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
41. ev-cwpg-01 · case report
    The severe neonatal hyponatremia and seizures were attributed to maternal consumption of excessive amounts of coconut water during labor.
    A&A Practice, 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
42. ev-cwpg-03 · agency fact sheet
    However, in people with impaired urinary potassium excretion due to chronic kidney disease or the use of certain medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, even dietary potassium intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia [11].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-06
43. ev-cwwl-09 · agency fact sheet
    However, in people with impaired urinary potassium excretion due to chronic kidney disease or the use of certain medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, even dietary potassium intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia [11].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
44. ev-cwbp-03 · RCT
    Thirthy-two female aged 25-44 years were randomly allocated to 14 days on TCW or water in a parallel randomized clinical trial.
    Curr Hypertens Rev, 2017 · checked 2026-10-07
45. ev-cwbp-09 · agency position
    However, a Cochrane Review of six of the highest-quality trials found nonsignificant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with potassium supplementation [47].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-07
46. ev-cwc-01 · meta-analysis
    We included 23 studies (17 RCTs, 6 uncontrolled; 1714 participants): kiwifruit (n = 7), high-mineral water (n = 4), prunes (n = 2), rye bread (n = 2), mango, fig, cereal, oat bran, yoghurt, water supplementation, prune juice, high-fibre diet, no-fibre diet (n = 1).
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07
47. ev-cwpg-02 · meta-analysis of mixed designs
    Pooled results showed a significant increase in AFI at 2 hours (mean difference: 0.996; 95 % CI: 0.781-1.210), 1 day (0.853; 95 % CI: 0.532-1.174), 2 days (1.649; 95 % CI: 0.943-2.356), and 1 week (2.232; 95 % CI: 0.943-3.520).
    Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 2025 · checked 2026-10-06
48. ev-cwwl-01 · meta-analysis
    Total fructose-containing sugars increased body weight (MD: 0.28 kg; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.50 kg; PMD = 0.011) in addition trials and decreased body weight (MD: -0.96 kg; 95% CI: -1.78, -0.14 kg; PMD = 0.022) in subtraction trials with no effect in substitution or ad libitum trials.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2023 · checked 2026-10-07