Fennel seed: a colic remedy with thin evidence

Fennel is the classic remedy for a crying baby. In breast-fed and mixed-fed colicky infants under 6 months, a meta-analysis of 3 randomized trials found that preparations containing fennel cut crying by 72 minutes a day (95% CI -126.4 to -17.7). Those were products made with fennel oil or extract, and the seed as a kitchen spice was not tested. The answer stays unclear for a plain reason. A Cochrane review of colic diets rated all of that evidence very low and recommended no intervention, and a separate review of 15 colic trials found every one with major flaws and none independently repeated. For period pain and for breast milk supply the Cochrane reviews found nothing you could rely on, and in 64 women with PCOS fennel capsules added nothing to a weight-loss diet. The European Medicines Agency does not recommend fennel seed tea as a medicine under 4 years, for lack of data, nor in pregnancy or breastfeeding. From 4 to 12 it advises use for less than a week.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• Two food tables disagree on the iron in fennel seed, 12.3 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) in the UK table versus 18.54 mg in the US one, while copper matches at about 1.07 mg. — fennel seed, dried spice Evidence C source
  Iron 12.30 (CoFID) vs 18.54 mg/100 g (USDA), 34% apart; copper 1.07 vs 1.067 mg; calcium 1200 mg (CoFID)

What a real portion looks like

• For adults and adolescents the European Medicines Agency describes fennel seed tea as 1.5 g in 8.5 fl oz (250 ml) of boiling water three times a day, 4.5 g a day in total, and says not to take it for more than 2 weeks. — adults and adolescents using fennel fruit herbal tea for mild digestive complaints Evidence E source
  1.5 g of fruit in 8.5 fl oz (250 ml) boiling water 3 times a day, 4.5 g a day; not for more than 2 weeks

What cooking and storage change

• In Serbia in 2007-2008, 14 Salmonella infections, 10 of them in infants, were traced to a baby tea whose fennel seed was contaminated. Parents had poured boiled water over the tea instead of boiling it. — 14 cases of Salmonella Senftenberg infection, 10 in infants under 12 months (n = 14) Evidence C source
  13 of 33 tea samples positive; fennel seed sample positive

What it does to your health

• A 2016 meta-analysis of 3 RCTs in breastfed colicky babies found fennel-containing preparations cut crying by about 72 minutes a day, with a wide margin of error. — breast-fed and mixed-fed infants younger than 6 months with colic by Wessel criteria (n = 3 trials) Evidence A source
  Mean difference -72.1 min/day crying (95% CI -126.4 to -17.7)
• The 2018 Cochrane review found one trial of 93 colicky babies where an extract of fennel, chamomile and lemon balm cut crying to 77 minutes a day versus 170 on placebo. — infants under four months with colic (n = 93) Evidence A source
  Daily crying 76.9 min/d (SD 23.5) vs 169.9 min/d (SD 23.1) after one week; no adverse effects; overall GRADE very low
• In an RCT of 125 colicky babies aged 2 to 12 weeks, fennel seed oil emulsion ended colic in 65% versus 24% on placebo. — infants 2 to 12 weeks of age who met the definition of colic, two clinics (n = 125) Evidence B source
  Colic eliminated 65% (40/62) vs 23.7% (14/59); ARR 41% (95% CI 25 to 57), NNT 2
• In an RCT of 121 adults with mild to moderate IBS, capsules of curcumin plus fennel essential oil for 30 days halved symptom scores, against a 26% drop on placebo. — patients with mild-to-moderate IBS, IBS-SSS 100-300 (n = 121) Evidence B source
  Relative IBS-SSS decrease 50.05% vs 26.12%, P < 0.001; symptom-free 25.9% vs 6.8%
• In a crossover RCT of 20 people with chronic constipation, a tea of anise, fennel, elder and senna cut colonic transit time from 42 to 16 hours over 5 days. — patients with chronic constipation by American Association of Gastroenterology criteria (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Colonic transit time 15.7 h (95% CI 11.1-20.2) vs 42.3 h (95% CI 33.5-51.1) on placebo
• In an RCT of 80 women after cesarean section, fennel capsules eased gas no better than the anti-gas drug dimethicone at any point on the first day. — women after full-term cesarean delivery with flatulence, Iran (n = 80) Evidence B source
  No between-group difference in flatulence VAS one hour after capsule 4 (F = 0.63, P = 0.430); both fell sharply
• In guinea pig stomachs, fennel tea relaxed the upper stomach and stirred the lower stomach, which lab authors link to the traditional use for fullness. — isolated stomach preparations from male guinea pigs Evidence D source
  Relaxation of proximal stomach, increased distal motility, reversible
• In breast-fed colicky infants, a meta-analysis of 3 trials found preparations containing fennel cut crying by about 72 minutes a day. — breast-fed and mixed-fed colicky infants younger than 6 months, 3 randomized trials (n = 3 trials) Evidence A source
  MD -72.1 min/day crying (95% CI -126.4 to -17.7)
• In a crossover trial in 20 people with chronic constipation, 5 days of a tea with anise, fennel, elder and senna shortened colon transit to 15.7 hours from 42.3 on placebo. — 20 patients with chronic constipation, 5-day periods, 9-day washout (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Colonic transit time 15.7 h (95% CI 11.1-20.2) vs 42.3 h (33.5-51.1)

Safety, limits and interactions

• In the same trial of 20 people, 5 days of the senna-containing fennel tea showed one safety signal, a small drop in blood potassium. — patients with chronic constipation (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Small reduction in serum potassium; no other adverse-effect differences
• The EU medicines agency does not recommend fennel tea for children under 4 because data are lacking. — children under 4 years Evidence E source
  Use not recommended
• The EU medicines agency does not recommend fennel tea in pregnancy or while breastfeeding, for lack of safety data. — pregnant and breastfeeding women Evidence E source
  Use not recommended; trans-anethole passes into breast milk
• The EU medicines agency lists allergic reactions of the skin or airways as the known side effect of fennel tea, frequency unknown. — users of fennel fruit tea Evidence E source
  Allergic reactions, frequency not known; contraindicated with Apiaceae or anethole allergy
• The EU medicines agency says adults should not take fennel tea as a medicine for more than 2 weeks. — adults and adolescents Evidence E source
  Maximum 2 weeks; children 4 to 12 under one week
• A case report of aniseed allergy showed IgE cross-reactivity with fennel, caraway, coriander and dill, so people allergic to one may react to others. — one adult with occupational aniseed allergy (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Positive skin tests and IgE cross-reactivity to fennel extract
• In a randomized double-blind trial in 60 breastfeeding women, a herbal tea with bitter fennel fruit, anise, coriander and fenugreek caused no adverse effects in mothers or infants over 30 days and up to 12 months of infant age. — 60 healthy exclusively or fully breastfeeding women and their infants (n = 60) Evidence B source
  No adverse effects attributable to the tea; no differences vs placebo (all p > .05)
• A case report describes occupational rhinitis and asthma in a spice worker with high IgE antibodies to fennel seed. — one atopic worker handling foods and spices (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Positive skin test to fresh fennel seed; high serum IgE to fennel
• Laboratory work on one patient found a fennel allergen that cross-reacts strongly with mugwort pollen, which may explain fennel reactions in people allergic to mugwort. — serum from one index patient with fennel and mugwort pollen allergy (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Fennel extract completely inhibited IgE response to mugwort
• The European Medicines Agency does not recommend fennel seed tea as a medicine for children under 4, for lack of data. From 4 to 12 it advises short use of under one week, and not if the daily estragole intake would exceed 1.0 mcg per kg of body weight. — children under 12 using fennel fruit (seed) herbal teas Evidence E source
  Not recommended under 4 years; ages 4 to 12 only below 1.0 ug estragole per kg body weight a day, under one week
• The European Medicines Agency does not recommend fennel seed preparations in pregnancy or breastfeeding, since their safety is not established, and notes that trans-anethole passes into breast milk. It sets estragole intake for these women below 0.05 mg a day. — pregnant and breastfeeding women using fennel fruit herbal preparations Evidence E source
  Use in pregnancy and lactation not recommended; trans-anethole passes into breast milk; estragole below 0.05 mg per person a day
• A case report describes a 12-month-old girl who developed breast tissue after 2 to 3 teaspoons of fennel tea a day for 6 months. It regressed and was normal within a year of stopping the tea. — one 12-month-old girl given fennel tea daily for 6 months (n = 1) Evidence D source
  Isolated premature thelarche; breast development regressed and normalized within a year after fennel was stopped

What people believe that the data does not support

• Weighing 15 small, biased trials of 1121 babies, the Cochrane authors concluded they could not recommend any dietary measure for colic, fennel included. — infants aged 2 to 16 weeks with colic in 15 RCTs (n = 1,121) Evidence A source
  No intervention recommended; GRADE very low
• A 2011 systematic review of 15 RCTs of complementary remedies for colic saw encouraging results for fennel extract but said every trial had major flaws. — infants with colic in randomized trials of supplements and complementary medicines (n = 15 trials) Evidence A source
  Encouraging but unreplicated results for fennel extract; no pooled estimate
• The EU medicines agency accepts fennel fruit tea for mild spasmodic gut complaints with bloating and flatulence only as a traditional remedy, based on long use. — adults and adolescents; children 4 to 12 years at a lower dose Evidence E source
  Traditional use registration; adult dose 1.5 g in 8.5 fl oz (250 ml), 3 times daily
• For period pain, a Cochrane review found fennel did not reduce pain significantly versus placebo, a 0.34-point drop on a 10-point scale in one trial of 43 women. — one RCT of 43 women with primary dysmenorrhoea, within 27 RCTs (3101 women) (n = 43) Evidence A source
  MD -0.34 points on 0-10 VAS (95% CI -0.74 to 0.06)
• A Cochrane review of 41 trials in 3005 breastfeeding mothers concluded it is very uncertain whether fennel improves infant weight as a milk booster. — 41 RCTs, 3005 mothers of healthy term infants; fennel in the infant weight subgroup (n = 3005) Evidence A source
  Very uncertain; no pooled estimate for fennel
• In a trial of 64 overweight women with PCOS on a weight-loss diet, fennel capsules added no improvement in weight or androgen measures. — sixty-four overweight/obese women with PCOS, 16 per group (n = 64) Evidence B source
  No significant change vs groups without fennel

Who this works differently for

• Among 700 Italian women surveyed after childbirth, fennel was one of the three most commonly used herbs. — 700 women interviewed within 3 days of childbirth in three hospitals in northern Italy (n = 700) Evidence C source
  189 regular users; almond oil, chamomile and fennel most common

What is still unknown

• A Cochrane review found one trial of 93 colicky infants where a fennel, chamomile and lemon balm extract lowered daily crying to 77 from 170 minutes in a week, but rated all colic diet evidence very low and recommended no intervention. — 93 colicky infants in one trial within 15 RCTs of 1121 infants aged 2 to 16 weeks (n = 93) Evidence A source
  Crying 76.9 vs 169.9 min/day after 1 week; no adverse effects
• A systematic review of 15 colic trials found some encouraging results for fennel extract, but every trial had major flaws and independent replications were missing. — 15 randomized clinical trials of complementary medicines for infantile colic (n = 15 trials) Evidence A source
  No pooled estimate; encouraging but unreplicated

The bottom line

The colic numbers come from small products and small groups. In the one Cochrane trial of 93 infants, an extract of fennel, chamomile and lemon balm brought daily crying to 77 minutes from 170 on placebo after a week, with no adverse effects, yet it is a single trial of a three-herb mix. The adult results are weaker. For period pain, in one trial of 43 women fennel lowered pain by 0.34 points on a 10-point scale against placebo (95% CI -0.74 to 0.06), which did not reach significance. For milk supply, a Cochrane review of 41 trials in 3005 mothers called it very uncertain whether fennel improves infant weight. In 20 people with chronic constipation, 5 days of a tea of anise, fennel, elder and senna shortened colon transit to 15.7 hours from 42.3 on placebo, an effect most likely owed to the senna. As food, fennel seed is used by the pinch, a few grams at a time. Per 100 g the UK table lists 12.3 mg iron and the US table 18.54 mg, one sample each, while both agree on about 1.07 mg copper. We found no study of how much of anything in the seed the body absorbs. As a medicinal tea for adults and adolescents, the European Medicines Agency describes 1.5 g of seed in 8.5 fl oz (250 ml) of boiling water three times a day, 4.5 g a day, for no more than 2 weeks. That is a traditional-use convention, not a tested safe upper limit. The cautions that are real concern babies and allergy. In Serbia in 2007 and 2008, 14 Salmonella infections, 10 of them in infants under a year, were traced to one brand of baby tea with contaminated fennel seed, and parents had poured boiled water over it instead of boiling it. Thirteen of 33 packs bought in shops carried the bacteria, a single outbreak from one maker. The European Medicines Agency does not recommend fennel seed tea as a medicine for children under 4, for lack of data. For ages 4 to 12 it advises less than a week of use and a daily estragole intake below 1.0 mcg per kg of body weight. Estragole, a compound in the seed, causes cancer in rodents, and no harm in children was observed behind that advice. One case report describes a 12-month-old girl who developed breast tissue after 2 to 3 teaspoons of fennel tea a day for 6 months. It regressed within a year of stopping, and one child cannot prove the tea was the cause. The same agency does not recommend fennel seed preparations in pregnancy or breastfeeding, because their safety is not established, and notes that trans-anethole from fennel passes into breast milk. In a randomized trial in 60 breastfeeding women, a tea of bitter fennel, anise, coriander, fenugreek and other herbs caused no adverse effects in mothers or infants, a finding for that blend only. Fennel was among the three herbs most often taken daily in pregnancy by 700 Italian women, and nobody measured harm or safety in that survey. Allergy rests on single cases. One spice worker developed rhinitis and asthma with high IgE to fennel seed, and lab tests on one patient found a fennel allergen that cross-reacts with mugwort pollen, so people allergic to mugwort may react to fennel too.

Sources

1. fnsd-daily-r6-13 · composition data
   Fennel seeds 13-827 | Iron 12.30 mg | Copper 1.07 mg | Calcium 1200 mg | Magnesium 390 mg || Spices, fennel seed FDC 171323 | Iron 18.54 mg | Copper 1.067 mg | Fiber 39.8 g
   CoFID 2021 (Public Health England), code 13-827; USDA SR Legacy, FDC 171323 · checked 2026-09-29
2. hf2-fnsd-3 · EU herbal monograph
   Herbal tea: 1.5 g of herbal substance in 250 ml of boiling water (steep for 15 minutes) as a herbal infusion, 3 times daily. Daily dose: 4.5 g ... Not to be taken for more than 2 weeks.
   European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, fructus, Revision 1 (EMA/HMPC/372841/2016), 2024 · checked 2026-10-08
3. fnsd-daily-r6-09 · outbreak report
   Before feeding it to the infants, the parents had not heated the tea until it boiled, but rather had poured boiled water over the tea. After obtaining that information, we tested 33 samples of the incriminated brand of tea from public grocery stores and supermarkets; 13 samples were positive for S. Senftenberg.
   Emerg Infect Dis, 2010 · checked 2026-09-29
4. ev-fens-01 · meta-analysis
   The 3 studies included for subgroup meta-analysis on preparations containing fennel suggest it to be effective, with an overall mean difference of -72.1 min/day (95% CI -126.4 to -17.7, P < 0.001).
   J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2016 · checked 2026-10-06
5. ev-fens-02 · Cochrane review
   Extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Matricariae recutita, and Melissa officinalis versus placebo: one study (93 infants) found that average daily crying time was lower for infants given the extract (76.9 min/d (SD 23.5), than infants given placebo (169.9 min/d (SD 23.1), at the end of the one-week study.
   Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018 · checked 2026-10-06
6. ev-fens-05 · RCT
   The use of fennel oil emulsion eliminated colic, according to the Wessel criteria, in 65% (40/62) of infants in the treatment group, which was significantly better than 23.7% (14/59) of infants in the control group (P < 0.01).
   Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2003, 9(4):58-61 (Alexandrovich et al.) · checked 2026-10-06
7. ev-fens-06 · RCT
   CU-FEO was safe, well-tolerated and induced symptom relief in patients with IBS; a significant decrease in the mean relative IBS-SSS was observed after 30 days of treatment (50.05 +/- 28.85% vs 26.12 +/- 30.62%, P<0.001).
   Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2016, 25(2):151-157 (Portincasa et al.) · checked 2026-10-06
8. ev-fens-07 · RCT
   Mean CTT assessed by X ray was 15.7 hours (95%CI 11.1-20.2) in the active treatment period and 42.3 hours (95%CI 33.5-51.1) during the placebo treatment (p < 0.001).
   BMC Complement Altern Med, 2010 · checked 2026-10-06
9. ev-fens-09 · RCT
   Moreover, one hour after taking capsule 4, no statistically significant difference was observed in the adjusted mean difference scores of flatulence levels between both groups (F (1,72) =0.63, P = 0.430, η2p = 0.009).
   Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2024, 13:251 · checked 2026-10-06
10. ev-fens-10 · animal study
    While fennel tea caused a relaxation in the proximal stomach, it increased motility in the distal stomach.
    Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 2025, 37:e70201 · checked 2026-10-06
11. fnsd-daily-r6-01 · meta-analysis of RCTs
    The 3 studies included for subgroup meta-analysis on preparations containing fennel suggest it to be effective, with an overall mean difference of -72.1 min/day (95% CI -126.4 to -17.7, P < 0.001).
    J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2016 · checked 2026-09-29
12. fnsd-daily-r6-07 · randomized crossover trial
    Mean CTT assessed by X ray was 15.7 hours (95%CI 11.1-20.2) in the active treatment period and 42.3 hours (95%CI 33.5-51.1) during the placebo treatment (p < 0.001).
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2010 · checked 2026-09-29
13. ev-fens-08 · RCT
    Except for a small reduction in serum potassium levels during the active treatment, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse effects throughout the study period.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2010 · checked 2026-10-06
14. ev-fens-12 · agency monograph
    The use is not recommended in children under 4 years of age due to the lack of adequate data.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, fructus, Revision 1 (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016), adopted 31 January 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
15. ev-fens-13 · agency monograph
    In the absence of sufficient data, the use during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, fructus, Revision 1 (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016), adopted 31 January 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
16. ev-fens-14 · agency monograph
    Allergic reactions to fennel, affecting the skin or the respiratory system may occur.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, fructus, Revision 1 (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016), adopted 31 January 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
17. ev-fens-15 · agency monograph
    Not to be taken for more than 2 weeks.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, fructus, Revision 1 (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016), adopted 31 January 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
18. ev-fens-16 · case report
    Enzyme immunoassay inhibition studies with the patient's serum revealed cross-reactivity among the IgE components from aniseed, caraway, coriander, fennel, and dill extracts.
    Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2002 · checked 2026-10-06
19. fnsd-daily-r6-06 · randomized controlled trial
    Healthy, exclusively/fully breastfeeding women ( N = 60) with no milk insufficiency were randomized into (1) an all-natural tea containing fruits of bitter fennel, anise, and coriander; fenugreek seed; and other herbs (Mother's Milk® herbal tea; test) group or (2) a lemon verbena leaf (placebo) group. ... No adverse effects attributable to the interventions were reported at any time point.
    J Hum Lact, 2019 · checked 2026-09-29
20. fnsd-daily-r6-10 · case report
    Positive skin tests to grass, ragweed, and freshly prepared fennel seed were found. Serum IgE antibodies to fennel were quite high.
    Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 1997 · checked 2026-09-29
21. fnsd-daily-r6-11 · case report, in vitro
    On ELISA inhibition experiments, serum absorption with fennel extract completely inhibited the IgE response to mugwort.
    Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol, 2013 · checked 2026-09-29
22. hf2-fnsd-1 · EU herbal monograph
    The use in children between 4 and 12 years of age is not recommended if the daily intake of estragole exceeds the guidance value of 1.0 µg/kg bw, unless justified by a risk assessment based on adequate safety data (see section 5.3 ‘Preclinical safety data’). The use is not recommended in children under 4 years of age due to lack of adequate data. ... For short-term use in mild transitory symptoms only (less than one week).
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, fructus, Revision 1 (EMA/HMPC/372841/2016), 2024 · checked 2026-10-08
23. hf2-fnsd-2 · EU herbal monograph
    Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established ... In the absence of sufficient data, the use during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended. There is evidence that trans-anethole is excreted in human breast milk. ... In pregnant and breast-feeding women, the daily intake of estragole has to be below 0.05 mg/person per day.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, fructus, Revision 1 (EMA/HMPC/372841/2016), 2024 · checked 2026-10-08
24. hf2-fnsd-4 · case report
    Here, we report a case of a 12-month-old girl who showed breast development that became apparent in the last 3 months. Her medical history revealed that she was given two to three teaspoons of fennel tea by her mother every day for restlessness for the last 6 months. ... On follow-up, after cessation of fennel consumption, the breast development of the patient regressed gradually and became normal by the end of 1 year.
    J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2014 (Okdemir et al.) · checked 2026-10-08
25. ev-fens-03 · Cochrane review
    Based on available evidence, we are unable to recommend any intervention.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018 · checked 2026-10-06
26. ev-fens-04 · systematic review
    Some encouraging results exist for fennel extract, mixed herbal tea, and sugar solutions, although it has to be stressed that all trials have major limitations.
    Pediatrics, 2011 · checked 2026-10-06
27. ev-fens-11 · agency monograph
    Traditional herbal medicinal product for symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastro-intestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence.
    European Medicines Agency, HMPC, European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, fructus, Revision 1 (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016), adopted 31 January 2024 · checked 2026-10-06
28. fnsd-daily-r6-04 · Cochrane review
    There was no consistent evidence of effectiveness for dill (MD -1.15 points, 95% CI -2.22 to -0.08, one RCT, 46 women), guava (MD 0.59, 95% CI -0.13 to 1.31; one RCT, 151 women); one RCT, 73 women), or fennel (MD -0.34 points, 95% CI -0.74 to 0.06; one RCT, 43 women).
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016 · checked 2026-09-29
29. fnsd-daily-r6-05 · Cochrane review
    Subgroup analysis shows we are very uncertain whether fennel or fenugreek improves infant weight, whereas moringa and mixed botanical tea may increase infant weight compared to placebo.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020 · checked 2026-09-29
30. fnsd-daily-r6-08 · randomized controlled trial
    A hypocaloric high-protein diet along with fennel supplementation could not provide additional improvements in anthropometric and androgen indices among PCOS women.
    Complement Ther Med, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
31. fnsd-daily-r6-12 · cohort study
    Almond oil, chamomile and fennel were the most commonly used herbs.
    Hum Reprod, 2012 · checked 2026-09-29
32. fnsd-daily-r6-02 · Cochrane review
    Extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Matricariae recutita, and Melissa officinalis versus placebo: one study (93 infants) found that average daily crying time was lower for infants given the extract (76.9 min/d (SD 23.5), than infants given placebo (169.9 min/d (SD 23.1), at the end of the one-week study. There were no adverse effects.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
33. fnsd-daily-r6-03 · systematic review
    Some encouraging results exist for fennel extract, mixed herbal tea, and sugar solutions, although it has to be stressed that all trials have major limitations.
    Pediatrics, 2011 · checked 2026-09-29