Skim milk: what taking the fat out changes, and what it leaves alone

In one small trial, taking the fat out of milk changed little in the blood. In a randomized crossover trial, 17 healthy adults drank half a liter a day of skim milk (0.1% fat) or whole milk (3.5% fat) for 3 weeks each. LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin came out no different between the two, in a trial that was small, short and did not test energy balance, where the lower calories of skim milk matter. Whole milk raised HDL cholesterol more. What stays in the glass is easier to pin down. In 12 USDA samples of plain US skim milk, calcium ran from 118 to 153 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g), and the reference record gives 0.58 mcg of vitamin B12. The UK food tables, a second and independent measurement rather than a truer one, list 34 calories, 0.3 g of fat and 3.5 g of protein per 3.5 oz (100 g). A cup, the standard US serving, weighs 8.6 oz (244 g). In a single-dose trial in 19 adults drinking 15 fl oz (430 ml), vitamin A added to skim milk was absorbed at a similar rate to vitamin A in whole milk.

How much is actually in it

• A 3.5 oz (100 g) serving of US skim milk in the USDA reference record holds about 132 mg of calcium and 0.58 mcg of vitamin B12, with calcium ranging from 122 to 204 mg across USDA records. — USDA Foundation Foods record for Milk, nonfat, fluid, with added vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free or skim), compared with 5 USDA skim milk records and 12 Foundation samples (n = 12 samples) Evidence E source
  Calcium 132 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) (10% DV), range 122 to 204 mg across 5 records, 118 to 153 mg across 12 samples; vitamin B12 0.58 mcg (24% DV), samples 0.44 to 0.72 mcg; riboflavin 0.131 mg (10% DV)
• UK skimmed pasteurized milk in CoFID gives 34 calories, 0.3 g fat, 3.5 g protein, 4.8 g lactose, 125 mg calcium and 30 mcg iodine per 3.5 oz (100 g). — CoFID 2021 record Milk, skimmed, pasteurized, average Evidence E source
  Per 100 g: energy 34 calories, fat 0.3 g (saturated 0.13 g), protein 3.5 g, lactose 4.8 g, calcium 125 mg, iodine 30 mcg, riboflavin 0.22 mg, potassium 162 mg, sodium 44 mg
• US labeling law lets milk products use the word skim as a fat free claim, under the same conditions set for fat free foods. — foods labeled in the United States Evidence E source
  Skim is a legal synonym of fat free for milk products

What a real portion looks like

• In the US food survey one cup of skim milk is counted as 244 g, and a school carton is the same 244 g. — FNDDS food Milk, fat free (skim), code 11113000 Evidence E source
  1 cup 244 g, 1 fl oz 30 g, individual school container 244 g, quantity not specified 244 g

What your body absorbs

• In a crossover trial in 19 adults drinking 15 fl oz (430 ml) of milk, vitamin A from fortified skim milk was absorbed at a similar percentage to vitamin A from whole milk despite the missing fat. — 19 healthy volunteers (10 women, 9 men), 15 fl oz (430 ml) single doses of unfortified whole, fortified whole and fortified skim milk on different days, blood sampled for 6.5 h (n = 19) Evidence B source
  Percent relative absorption of vitamin A did not differ among the three milks; alpha-tocopherol AUC also did not differ

What it does to your health

• In a 3-week crossover RCT of 18 healthy adults, half a liter a day of skim milk did not lower total or LDL cholesterol compared with whole milk. — healthy adults; 0.5 L/day of whole milk (3.5% fat) or skim milk (0.1% fat) added to habitual diet, 2 x 3 weeks; 17 completed (n = 18) Evidence B source
  No significant difference in total or LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin or glucose; HDL higher on whole milk (P < 0.05)
• A network meta-analysis of 19 RCTs with 1427 adults found no harm to LDL cholesterol from either low-fat or full-fat dairy diets over 12 to 52 weeks (low certainty). — adults, mostly with overweight, obesity or metabolic syndrome, in RCTs of high-dairy diets (mostly 3 or more servings a day) vs low-dairy control, 12 to 51.6 weeks (n = 1427) Evidence A source
  No detrimental effect of low-fat or full-fat dairy on LDL, HDL or triglycerides vs control (low certainty); full-fat dairy HDL MD +10 mg/dL (1.2 to 19; metric: 0.26 mmol/L, 0.03 to 0.49)
• A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs with 1677 healthy adults found more dairy did not change LDL cholesterol significantly (+1.36 mg/dL), with similar results for low-fat and whole-fat dairy. — healthy adults randomized to increased dairy food for more than one month; median 26 weeks; mean +3.6 servings/day (n = 1677) Evidence A source
  LDL +1.36 mg/dL (95% CI -2.38 to 5.09), HDL +0.45 mg/dL (-2.13 to 3.04), weight +1.3 lb (0.75 to 1.9; metric: 0.59 kg, 0.34 to 0.84); low-fat and whole-fat subgroups similar
• In a 1-month RCT of 180 healthy adults, advice to raise or cut dairy intake did not change LDL or HDL cholesterol. — healthy volunteers randomized to increase, reduce or not change dairy intake for 1 month; reduced group cut dairy fat by 77% (n = 180) Evidence B source
  No significant change in LDL or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides; standardized mean differences below 0.2
• A network meta-analysis of 54 RCTs found several plant oils and beef fat lowered LDL cholesterol by 8.9 to 16 mg/dL (0.23 to 0.42 mmol/L) more than butter. — adults in randomized trials of at least 3 weeks comparing oils and solid fats, per 10% isocaloric exchange (n = 54 trials) Evidence A source
  LDL -16 to -8.9 mg/dL (-0.42 to -0.23 mmol/L) for safflower, sunflower, rapeseed, flaxseed, corn, olive, soybean, palm, coconut oil and beef fat vs butter
• In a 4-week RCT of 33 young women, 20 fl oz (600 ml) a day of oat drink lowered LDL cholesterol by 15 mg/dL (0.4 mmol/L) compared with the same amount of semi-skim milk. — healthy women aged 18 to 40 who habitually drink cow's milk; 600 mL/day oat drink vs 600 mL/day semi-skim milk for 4 weeks; 32 completed (n = 33) Evidence B source
  Oat drink vs semi-skim milk: total cholesterol -12 mg/dL (-0.3 mmol/L), LDL -15 mg/dL (95% CI -23 to -7.7; p = 0.002; metric: -0.4 mmol/L, -0.6 to -0.2); no HDL or triglyceride difference
• When 10 young men drank 34 fl oz (1000 ml) of water as skim milk or a sweetened soya drink, they passed about the same urine over 3 hours, 986 g against 950 g. — 10 healthy euhydrated fasted males aged about 27, 34 fl oz (1000 mL) of water from skimmed cow milk or sweetened soya beverage in four aliquots over 30 min, urine collected for 180 min (n = 10) Evidence B source
  Total urine mass 986 +/- 254 g after skim milk versus 950 +/- 248 g after soya (P = 0.435); urine specific gravity no different
• Across 46 prospective studies, women with the highest skim milk intake had a relative risk of breast cancer of 0.93 compared with the lowest, a borderline result. — 46 prospective cohort, nested case-control and case-cohort studies of dietary protein sources and breast cancer Evidence C source
  Skim milk highest vs lowest RR 0.93 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.00); per serving RR 0.96 (0.92 to 1.00)

Safety, limits and interactions

• A Cochrane review found cutting saturated fat for at least two years lowered combined cardiovascular events by 21%, across 11 trials with 53,300 people. — adults with or without cardiovascular disease in trials of at least 24 months reducing saturated fat (n = 53,300) Evidence A source
  Combined cardiovascular events RR 0.79 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.93); 11 trials; moderate-quality evidence
• A systematic review of 29 studies in children aged 2 to 18 found whole-fat dairy mostly not linked to higher cardiometabolic risk, with only 1 randomized trial. — children aged 2 to 18 years; whole-fat vs reduced-fat (low-fat and skim) dairy (n = 29 articles) Evidence C source
  Whole-fat dairy not associated with more adiposity; mostly not with cardiometabolic risk; a switch to reduced-fat improved some risk factors in 1 study
• According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025-2030, full-fat dairy is important for children to meet energy needs and support brain development. — infants and toddlers, children Evidence E source
  Full-fat dairy advised for children; whole milk from 12 months when formula stops
• According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025-2030, saturated fat should in general stay at or below 10 percent of daily calories. — general US population Evidence E source
  Saturated fat no more than 10% of total daily calories
• WHO recommends that adults and children cut saturated fat to 10% of total energy intake. — adults and children Evidence E source
  SFA at most 10% of total energy (strong recommendation)

What people believe that the data does not support

• The American Heart Association's 2021 dietary guidance advises choosing low-fat or fat-free dairy products as part of healthy protein sources. — general population, cardiovascular prevention Evidence E source
  Low-fat or fat-free dairy recommended
• According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025-2030, dairy choices should include full-fat dairy with no added sugars. — general US population Evidence E source
  Recommends including full-fat dairy without added sugars
• Over 3 weeks at 17 fl oz (0.5 L) a day, skim milk left LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin no different from whole milk in 17 healthy adults, while whole milk raised HDL more. — 18 healthy adults randomized, 17 completed, 2 x 3 week crossover with 0.5 L/day whole milk (3.5% fat) or skim milk (0.1% fat) within habitual diet (n = 17) Evidence B source
  HDL cholesterol higher after whole milk than skim milk (P < 0.05); no difference in total or LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin or glucose
• The EU did not authorize the claim that a fermented skim milk product supports immune defense in young children. — young children, as named in the rejected claim Evidence E source
  Claim status Non-authorized; no health claim for skim milk itself is authorized in the EU register

Who this works differently for

• In a 12-week RCT of 72 adults with metabolic syndrome, 3.3 servings a day of full-fat milk, yogurt and cheese did not change fasting cholesterol against low-fat dairy or limited dairy. — men and women with metabolic syndrome; limited dairy, or 3.3 servings/day of low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt and cheese for 12 weeks (n = 72) Evidence B source
  No intervention effect on total, LDL or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides (P > 0.1)
• In a 6-week crossover RCT of 27 postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity, 3.2 servings a day of 2% milk did not change LDL cholesterol against a milk-free diet. — postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity; NCEP diet with 3.2 servings/day of 2% fat milk vs NCEP diet without dairy, 2 x 6 weeks (n = 27) Evidence B source
  No significant effect on LDL-C, triglycerides or LDL size; HDL fall similar on both diets (between-diet P >= 0.07)
• In a 2 x 3-week crossover RCT of 20 adults with high blood lipids, replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil lowered LDL cholesterol by 17% from baseline. — free-living hyperlipidemic adults; isocaloric diets differing only in fat source (dairy fat vs rapeseed oil), 2 x 3 weeks (n = 20) Evidence B source
  Rapeseed oil diet: total cholesterol -17%, triglycerides -20%, LDL -17% from baseline; dairy fat diet no change (between-diet P = 0.05 to < 0.0001)
• In 14 adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight on a calorie-cut diet, about 1200 mg a day of calcium including 3 servings of skim milk lowered serum advanced glycation end products over 12 weeks. — 14 adults with type 2 diabetes, overweight and habitual calcium intake below 600 mg/day, crossover of high calcium (700 mg/day shake) versus low calcium shake, 12 weeks each, with a -500 calories/day diet (n = 14) Evidence B source
  Serum AGE concentration and AGE/sRAGE ratio lower at the end of the high-calcium period
• Observational data link drinking skim milk to acne: across pooled studies the highest intake carried 1.82 times the odds of acne compared with the lowest. — children, adolescents and young adults in pooled observational studies of dairy and acne Evidence C source
  Skim milk highest vs lowest intake OR 1.82 (95% CI 1.34 to 2.47); low-fat milk OR 1.25 (1.10 to 1.43); total milk OR 1.48 (1.31 to 1.66)
• A second pooled analysis of 14 observational studies in people aged 7 to 30 found low-fat or skim milk drinkers had 1.32 times the odds of acne compared with no intake. — 14 observational studies, 78,529 participants aged 7 to 30 (23,046 acne cases, 55,483 controls) (n = 78529) Evidence C source
  Low-fat/skim milk OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.52) versus no intake; whole milk OR 1.22 (1.06 to 1.41)
• Observational data link skim milk to a lower breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, a relative risk of 0.86 in a 2025 pooled analysis. — 51 studies with 62,602 breast cancer cases, subgroup of premenopausal women for skim milk (n = 62602 cases) Evidence C source
  Skim milk RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.97, I2 = 0%) in premenopausal women; low-fat dairy overall RR 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98)
• Among 9,597 cancer survivors aged 55 and older followed for a median 13.3 years, each extra 7.1 oz (200 g) of skim milk was linked to a 5% lower all-cause death rate. — 9,597 participants of the PLCO screening trial aged 55 or older with a cancer diagnosis and dietary data, followed to 2018 (n = 9597) Evidence C source
  Per 200 g/day skim milk HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.99) for all-cause and 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) for cancer mortality; whole milk HR 1.10 (1.03 to 1.16)
• In 16,760 US adults from five cohorts, skim milk was one of eight foods linked to lower serum urate, though diet as a whole explained 0.3% or less of urate variation. — 16,760 US adults of European ancestry (8,414 men, 8,346 women) without kidney disease or gout, from ARIC, CARDIA, CHS, FHS and NHANES III (n = 16760) Evidence C source
  Skim milk associated with lower serum urate in male and female cohorts; diet scores explained at most 0.3% of variance versus 23.9% for common genetic variation
• Observational data link high intakes of low-fat and skim milk to a later onset of natural menopause, in a review of 15 prospective studies. — 15 prospective studies, 91,554 women who reached natural menopause out of 298,413 (n = 298413) Evidence C source
  Higher intake of low-fat and skim milk associated with later natural menopause; pooled size not given in the abstract

What is still unknown

• For children and teens, the USDA 2024 evidence review found no trial comparing milk fat levels for growth or obesity, only 11 prospective cohorts. — children and adolescents, USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review on dairy milk and growth, body composition and obesity (n = 11 cohorts) Evidence C source
  0 trials comparing skim or low-fat with higher-fat milk; 11 prospective cohort studies grouped milk fat levels in different ways

The bottom line

The rest of the health story is mostly observational, and each finding carries its own limits. Two pooled analyses tie skim milk to acne. In one, the highest intake came with 1.82 times the odds of acne against the lowest (95% CI 1.34 to 2.47). In the other, covering 78,529 people aged 7 to 30, low-fat or skim milk came with 1.32 times the odds against no milk (1.16 to 1.52), and its authors report publication bias. These are odds from observational data, so they show a link and cannot show that the milk causes the spots. For breast cancer the signal points the other way and is weak. Premenopausal women with more skim milk had a relative risk of 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97) in a 2025 pooled analysis, a subgroup result. Across 46 prospective studies the figure was 0.93, with an upper limit of 1.00 that sits right at no effect. The same 2025 analysis tied total milk to more estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, a relative risk of 1.31. A review of 15 prospective studies links high intakes of low-fat and skim milk to a later natural menopause, and its authors call the evidence controversial. Two small trials measured skim milk directly. In 14 overweight adults with type 2 diabetes on a calorie-cut diet, about 1200 mg of calcium a day, including 3 servings of skim milk, lowered blood advanced glycation end products over 12 weeks. That comes from a secondary analysis whose abstract gives no size for the drop. When 10 young men drank a liter of water as skim milk or a sweetened soya drink, they passed about the same urine over 3 hours, 986 g against 950 g, and the trial had no plain water arm. On labels, skim is simply the legal US word for fat free milk. The EU refused to let a fermented skim milk product claim that it supports immune defense in young children, which means the evidence fell short at assessment. We have no card on allergy, medicines or pregnancy for skim milk, so this page cannot tell you who should be careful. Children deserve a separate note. The acne data reach down to age 7, and the USDA 2024 evidence review found no trial at all comparing skim with higher fat milk for growth or obesity in children, only 11 cohort studies that grouped milk fat in different ways. Trials have not settled which milk fat level is better for a child's weight, and this page has no card on infants or toddlers, so it says nothing about milk for children under 2.

Sources

1. skmk-r7-01 · USDA FoodData Central Foundation Foods, dataset
   Milk, nonfat, fluid, with added vitamin A and vitamin D (fat free or skim) (FDC 746776, Foundation, Dairy and Egg Products): vitamin B12 0.58 ug per 100 g = 24% DV, range across 5 records 0.38-0.58, Foundation samples 0.44-0.72 n=12; calcium 132 mg = 10% DV, range 122-204, samples 118-153 n=12; riboflavin 0.131 mg = 10% DV, range 0.131-0.194
   USDA FoodData Central, Foundation Foods, FDC 746776 · checked 2026-09-29
2. skmk-r7-02 · CoFID 2021, dataset
   CoFID 12-307 Milk, skimmed, pasteurised, average (BAE): Energy 34 kcal; Fat 0.3 g; Satd FA 0.13 g; Protein 3.5 g; Lactose 4.8 g; Calcium 125 mg; Iodine 30 ug; Riboflavin 0.22 mg; Potassium 162 mg; Sodium 44 mg per 100 g
   CoFID 2021, Public Health England, code 12-307 (OGL v3.0) · checked 2026-09-29
3. skmk-r7-16 · regulation
   in the case of milk products, “skim” may be used on the label or in labeling of foods, provided that:
   21 CFR 101.62, Nutrient content claims for fat, fatty acid, and cholesterol content of foods · checked 2026-09-29
4. skmk-r7-03 · FNDDS, dataset
   Milk, fat free (skim) (FNDDS 11113000, fdc_id 2705388, WWEIA Milk, nonfat): 1 cup = 244 g; 1 fl oz = 30 g; 1 individual school container = 244 g; Quantity not specified = 244 g
   USDA FNDDS, Milk, fat free (skim), FDC 2705388 · checked 2026-09-29
5. skmk-r7-04 · randomized crossover trial
   Nineteen volunteers (10 women and 9 men) ingested 430 ml of each milk on different days. ... The percent relative absorption of vitamin A did not differ among the three types of milk.
   Eur J Nutr, 2006 · checked 2026-09-29
6. ev-skmc-01 · RCT
   There were no significant differences between whole milk and skimmed milk in effects on total and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin, and glucose concentrations.
   Eur J Clin Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-10-07
7. ev-skmc-02 · network meta-analysis
   We observed no detrimental effects of a high-dairy (irrespective of fat content), low-fat dairy, or full-fat dairy diet over a control group (low in dairy) on LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (low certainty)
   Advances in Nutrition, 2023, Effects of Dairy Intake on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis · checked 2026-10-07
8. ev-skmc-03 · meta-analysis
   Results were similar for studies with low-fat and whole-fat dairy interventions.
   PLoS One, 2013 · checked 2026-10-07
9. ev-skmc-06 · RCT
   In healthy volunteers, dietary advice to change dairy intake for 1 month did not have a clinically significant effect on cardio-metabolic risk factors.
   Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2014 · checked 2026-10-07
10. ev-skmc-08 · network meta-analysis
    Safflower, sunflower, rapeseed, flaxseed, corn, olive, soybean, palm, and coconut oil as well beef fat were more effective in reducing LDL-C (-0.42 to -0.23 mmol/l) as compared with butter.
    J Lipid Res, 2018 · checked 2026-10-07
11. ev-skmc-09 · RCT
    In conclusion, these results indicate that replacing cow’s milk with oat drink may lead to modest reductions in total and LDL‑cholesterol over four weeks in healthy young women under real-world conditions.
    Nutr J, 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
12. skmk-r7-07 · randomized crossover trial
    Total urine mass (MILK, 986 ± 254 g; SOYA, 950 ± 248 g; P = 0.435) and urine specific gravity (P = 0.156) did not differ between trials.
    Eur J Appl Physiol, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29
13. skmk-r7-11 · meta-analysis of observational studies
    0.93 (95% CI 0.85-1.00, I² = 40.1%) for skim milk ... and skim milk (RR: 0.96; 95% CI 0.92-1.00, I² = 11.9%)
    Nutrients, 2016 · checked 2026-09-29
14. ev-skmc-10 · meta-analysis
    The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 21% (risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.93, 11 trials, 53,300 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 65%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence).
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020 · checked 2026-10-07
15. ev-skmc-11 · systematic review
    Most evidence indicated that consumption of whole-fat dairy was not associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, although a change from whole-fat to reduced-fat dairy improved outcomes for some risk factors in 1 study.
    Adv Nutr, 2020 · checked 2026-10-07
16. ev-skmc-14 · agency position
    Full-fat dairy products are important for children to help meet energy needs and support brain development.
    Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030 (HHS, USDA), January 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
17. ev-skmc-15 · agency position
    In general, saturated fat consumption should not exceed 10% of total daily calories.
    Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030 (HHS, USDA), January 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
18. ev-skmc-16 · agency guideline
    WHO recommends that adults and children reduce saturated fatty acid intake to 10% of total energy intake (strong recommendation).
    WHO, 2023, Saturated fatty acid and trans-fatty acid intake for adults and children: WHO guideline · checked 2026-10-07
19. ev-skmc-12 · expert position
    choose healthy sources of protein (mostly plants; regular intake of fish and seafood; low-fat or fat-free dairy products; and if meat or poultry is desired, choose lean cuts and unprocessed forms)
    Circulation, 2021, 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association · checked 2026-10-07
20. ev-skmc-13 · agency position
    When consuming dairy, include full-fat dairy with no added sugars.
    Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030 (HHS, USDA), January 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
21. skmk-r7-05 · randomized crossover trial
    Whole milk increased HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly compared to skimmed milk (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between whole milk and skimmed milk in effects on total and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin, and glucose concentrations.
    Eur J Clin Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
22. skmk-r7-17 · EU claims register entry
    POL-HC-8501 ‘Nutrimune®’ (a pasteurised cow's skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74) ‘Nutrimune®’ supports the immune defence in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract of young children -/- Non-authorised
    EU Register on nutrition and health claims, claim POL-HC-8501, snapshot 2026-09-21 · checked 2026-09-29
23. ev-skmc-04 · RCT
    In men and women with metabolic syndrome, a diet rich in full-fat dairy had no effects on fasting lipid profile or blood pressure compared with diets limited in dairy or rich in low-fat dairy.
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2021 · checked 2026-10-07
24. ev-skmc-05 · RCT
    These data suggest that short-term consumption of low fat milk in the context of a prudent NCEP diet has no favorable nor deleterious effect on cardiometabolic risk factors associated with MetS in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity.
    Nutr J, 2015 · checked 2026-10-07
25. ev-skmc-07 · RCT
    The RO diet, but not the DF diet, reduced the levels of serum cholesterol (-17%), triglycerides (-20%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-17%), cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio (-21%), apolipoprotein (apo) B/apo A-I ratio (-4%) and factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) (-5%) from baseline.
    J Intern Med, 2011 · checked 2026-10-07
26. skmk-r7-06 · randomized crossover trial, secondary analysis
    Consumption of approximately 1200 mg/day of calcium (3 servings of skim milk) reduced serum AGEs concentrations and the AGE/sRAGE ratio in individuals with diabetes.
    Nutr Res, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29
27. skmk-r7-08 · meta-analysis of observational studies
    Highest compared with lowest category of dairy (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.20 to 5.67), total milk (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.66), low-fat milk (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.43) and skim milk (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.47) intake significantly was associated with the presence of acne.
    Clin Nutr, 2019 · checked 2026-09-29
28. skmk-r7-09 · meta-analysis of observational studies
    1.32 (1.16⁻1.52; p = 4.33 × 10-5) for low-fat/skim milk
    Nutrients, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
29. skmk-r7-10 · meta-analysis of observational studies
    especially in premenopausal women (skimmed milk, RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.97, I2 = 0%)
    Nutr Res, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
30. skmk-r7-12 · prospective cohort study
    Post-diagnosis skim milk intake may reduce mortality and extend life expectancy in cancer patients, whereas whole and 2% fat milk intake may have adverse effects.
    Eur J Nutr, 2026 · checked 2026-09-29
31. skmk-r7-13 · meta-analysis of observational data
    eight foods were associated with reduced serum urate levels (eggs, peanuts, cold cereal, skim milk, cheese, brown bread, margarine, and non-citrus fruits) in the male, female, or full cohorts
    BMJ, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
32. skmk-r7-14 · meta-analysis of observational studies
    high intakes of some dairy products, such as low-fat, skimmed milk, and low intake of alcohol were associated with a later onset
    Maturitas, 2022 · checked 2026-09-29
33. skmk-r7-15 · government systematic review
    No trials were available that directly compared the effects of different levels of fat in milk on growth, body composition, or risk of obesity outcomes. However, 11 PCS examined intake of milk stratified by fat content.
    USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, Dairy Milk and Milk Alternatives and Growth, Body Composition, and Risk of Obesity, 2024 · checked 2026-09-29