Lima beans: the bean most trials tested by proxy

Almost nothing on this page was measured in a lima bean. The strongest evidence, 38 randomized trials on 2095 people, fed whole pulses of every kind at a median 130 g a day for six weeks, and LDL cholesterol fell by 5.4 mg/dL (0.14 mmol/L). A second pooled analysis of 24 trials on 1938 adults, at about 3 oz (86 g) of legumes a day, found total cholesterol down 8.9 mg/dL (0.23 mmol/L), LDL down 0.16 and fasting glucose down 0.18, with moderate certainty. Whether a single lima bean trial sits inside those pools, the reviews do not say. The bean shows up by name in two glycemic index studies. One put the legumes it tested between 6 and 13, the other, in eight volunteers, put a set of traditional Pima foods including lima beans between 16 and 40. Both are low, and the two do not agree on the scale. Neither of them reports a figure for the lima bean itself. The only other measurement made on lima beans themselves was in a test tube, where they released the most iron of ten Philippine legumes, 9.5 percent. So read every number below as a number about beans in general unless we say otherwise. What a cooked large lima bean does carry, from our own table, is 508 mg of potassium and 7 g of fiber per 3.5 oz (100 g). American women aged 19 to 50 average 2364 mg of potassium and 15.4 g of fiber a day, about half and 60 percent of what is recommended. The authors of that survey named lima beans as one of the foods that could close the gap. Raw lima bean seed can also carry cyanide-forming compounds. EFSA's table lists 144 to 530 mg of total cyanide per kg of seed in older studies, against 20 mg for garden beans and peas, and one of three raw retail samples in Australia and New Zealand held 32 mg per kg. In the study EFSA summarizes, 9 hours of soaking removed only 30%, while 20 minutes of pressure cooking at 250 °F (121°C) or toasting at 399 °F (204°C) left none detectable. Ordinary boiling in an open pan was not tested.

The numbers, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

As people eat it, per 3.5 oz (100 g)

How much is actually in it

• EFSA's table of cyanide in foods lists lima bean seed at 144 to 167 mg of total cyanide per kg in two older studies and 265 to 530 mg per kg in a third, against 20 mg per kg for garden beans and peas. — lima bean seed, literature values collected by EFSA Evidence E source
  Total cyanide 144 to 167 mg/kg and 265 to 530 mg/kg in lima bean seed, fresh weight unless stated
• In the Australian and New Zealand retail survey cited by EFSA, cyanide was found in 1 of 3 samples of raw lima beans, at 32 mg per kg, while the other two were below the 4 mg per kg detection limit. — raw lima beans bought at retail in Australia and New Zealand, FSANZ survey 2010-2013 as tabled by EFSA (n = 3 samples) Evidence E source
  Cyanide found in 1 of 3 samples, 32 mg/kg; limit of detection 4 mg/kg
• WHO lists lima beans among beans and peas with an approximate potassium content of 1300 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) fresh weight. — general population, WHO potassium guideline annex Evidence E source
  Approximate potassium content 1300 mg/100 g fresh weight for the beans and peas group

What a real portion looks like

• Across 38 randomized trials (2095 people, median 130 g/day of pulses for 6 weeks), whole pulses lowered LDL cholesterol by 5.4 mg/dL (0.14 mmol/L), with beans showing a dose response up to 1 cup a day. — adults in 38 RCTs, 52 comparisons, n = 2095, trials of at least 3 weeks (n = 2095) Evidence A source
  LDL MD -5.4 mg/dL (95% CI -7.3 to -3.1; metric: -0.14 mmol/L, -0.19 to -0.08); non-HDL -8.5 mg/dL (-0.22 mmol/L); beans -9.7 mg/dL (-0.25 mmol/L) per 0.5 cup (95% CI -0.48 to -0.02); GRADE moderate to high
• US women of childbearing age averaged 2364 mg potassium and 15.4 g fiber a day, about half and 60% of recommendations, and the authors name lima beans among starchy vegetables rich in both. — 3058 US women aged 19-50, NHANES 2009-2012 (n = 3058) Evidence C source
  Potassium 2364 mg vs 4700 mg recommended; fiber 15.4 g vs 25 g

What your body absorbs

• In an in vitro comparison of 10 legumes, lima beans had the highest iron availability (9.5%), while kidney beans led for zinc (49.3%) and pigeon peas for calcium (75.1%). — in vitro assay of 10 Philippine legumes Evidence D source
  Fe availability 9.5% (sem 0.1) for lima beans; groundnuts lowest at 1.3%
• In 8 healthy volunteers fed 25 g carbohydrate portions, traditional Pima foods including lima beans all had low glycemic indices, from 16 for acorns to 40 for corn. — 8 healthy Caucasian volunteers, six traditional Pima staple foods (n = 8) Evidence B source
  GI 16 ± 2 (acorns) to 40 ± 5 (corn), glucose = 100; insulin and in vitro starch digestibility tracked GI
• In young women, iron absorption from whole common-bean porridge was 2.5%, and removing both polyphenols and phytic acid raised it 2.6-fold. — young women, 16 or 17 per study, six stable-isotope studies (n = ~100) Evidence B source
  Absorption 2.5% from whole bean porridge; 50 mg polyphenols -14%, 200 mg -45%; PP and PA removal 2.6-fold increase

What cooking and storage change

• EFSA notes that some lima bean cultivars are high in cyanogenic glycosides, mainly linamarin. In the study it summarizes, soaking for 9 hours cut them by only 30%, while 20 minutes of autoclaving at 250 °F (121°C) or toasting at 399 °F (204°C) left no detectable level. — lima beans in a processing study summarized by EFSA (Adeparusi 2001) Evidence E source
  Soaking 9 h at 36 °F (2°C) cut cyanogens by 30%; autoclaving at 250 °F (121°C) or toasting at 399 °F (204°C) for 20 min left no detectable level
• By the USDA retention table for legumes, boiling for 45 to 75 minutes and draining keeps about 70% of the potassium, 45% of the folate and 80% of the iron. Keeping the cooking water raises that to 75%, 50% and 85%, and a 2 to 2.5 hour boil keeps less. — USDA R6 group Legumes and Legume Products, Retn_Codes 521, 522, 541, 542 (n = 4 methods) Evidence E source
  Boiled 45-75 min and drained: potassium 70%, folate 45%, iron 80% retained; water used: 75%, 50%, 85%; boiled 2-2.5 h and drained: potassium 65%, folate 30%, iron 75%
• In 22 Rwandese women with low iron status, fractional iron absorption from bean meals was 9.2%, and more than 95% dephytinization raised absorbed iron by 51%. — 22 Rwandese women with low iron status, crossover composite bean meals (n = 22) Evidence B source
  Control beans 9.2% fractional absorption, 30% higher than biofortified beans; >95% dephytinization: absorbed iron 746 ug, +51% vs control (P < 0.0001)

What it does to your health

• In 24 randomized trials (1938 adults, about 86 g legumes a day for at least 6 weeks), legumes lowered total cholesterol by 8.9 mg/dL (0.23 mmol/L), LDL by 6.2 mg/dL (0.16 mmol/L) and fasting glucose by 3.2 mg/dL (0.18 mmol/L). — 1938 adults with and without type 2 diabetes, heart disease or dyslipidemia, 24 RCTs of at least 6 weeks (n = 1938) Evidence A source
  TC MD -0.23 mmol/L (95% CI -0.33 to -0.13); LDL -0.16 (-0.24 to -0.08); fasting glucose -0.18 (-0.30 to -0.06); moderate certainty
• The legumes tested had glycemic indices of 6 to 13, far below the low-GI cut-off of 55, and no figure for the lima bean is reported. — non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic adults, crossover GI testing Evidence B source
  GI range 6 (chickpeas) to 13 (mung beans); kidney beans lowered LDL 9%

Safety, limits and interactions

• A 2024 review of legume allergens reports positive skin tests to lima beans in 3.4% of asthma and rhinitis patients in a Delhi survey, mostly through cross-reactivity with other legumes, and one case of occupational asthma in a worker boiling and drying lima beans. No lima bean allergen has been identified. — patients with asthma and rhinitis in Delhi (skin test survey); one food factory worker (case report) Evidence D source
  Positive skin tests to lima bean in 3.4%, mostly cross-reactivity with other legumes; one case of occupational asthma; no lima bean allergen identified
• NIH lists ACE inhibitors such as benazepril, angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan, and potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone as drugs that cut potassium loss in urine and can cause high blood potassium. — people taking ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers or potassium-sparing diuretics Evidence E source
  These drugs reduce urinary potassium excretion and can cause hyperkalemia; potassium monitoring advised
• In 2369 US children and adolescents, a dietary pattern of restaurant-prepared starchy vegetables such as plantains and lima beans, quick breads and citrus juice was associated with 37.2% higher urinary MCOP phthalate metabolite per SD. — 2369 US participants aged 6-19, NHANES 2011-2016 (n = 2369) Evidence C source
  +37.2% MCOP per SD of pattern score (95% CI 30.3, 44.4); eight patterns explained 12.1% of variance

What people believe that the data does not support

• In a systematic review of 40 human intervention studies, pulses produced lower postprandial glucose than wheat or rice controls in 28 of 40 studies and lower insulin in 16 of 24. — healthy and metabolically at-risk adults in 40 acute intervention studies (n = 40 studies) Evidence A source
  Lower glucose response in 28/40 studies, lower insulin in 16/24; hunger reduced significantly in 3/5
• The EU register rejected the claim that low-GI carbohydrate sources such as legumes help maintain normal blood sugar, triglycerides and body mass (POL-HC-6868). — EU food labeling Evidence E source
  Non-authorized claim

Who this works differently for

• NIH sets no upper limit for potassium in people with healthy kidneys. In chronic kidney disease or on some blood pressure drugs, it warns, even dietary intakes below the adequate intake can cause high blood potassium. People at risk should agree their intake with a doctor or dietitian. — people with chronic kidney disease or taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics Evidence E source
  No UL for potassium in healthy people; in impaired potassium excretion even intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia
• Among 1026 Tehranian pregnant women, eating legumes at least 3.3 times a week before pregnancy was associated with an odds ratio of 0.38 for gestational diabetes, while starchy vegetables including green lima beans showed no association. — 1026 pregnant women aged 18-45, Tehran, prospective cohort (n = 1026) Evidence C source
  Legumes >= 3.3 servings/week: OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.19-0.74); other starchy vegetables (corn, squash, green pea, green lima beans): no significant association

What is still unknown

• EFSA names lima beans among the foods with cyanogenic glycosides and keeps its acute limit of 20 mcg of cyanide per kg of body weight for any food. It adds that for foods other than apricot kernels, bitter almonds and cassava the limit is likely over-conservative, because less cyanide is absorbed from them. — all consumers, EU risk assessment Evidence E source
  ARfD 20 mcg cyanide per kg body weight applies whatever the food; likely over-conservative for foods other than raw apricot kernels, bitter almonds and cassava roots
• EFSA set an acute reference dose of 20 micrograms of cyanide per kg body weight, the benchmark for cyanogenic glycosides in foods. — EU consumers, EFSA CONTAM Panel Evidence E source
  ARfD 20 ug/kg bw cyanide; exceeded up to 2.5-fold at the 95th percentile in some child surveys

The bottom line

If you eat lima beans for cholesterol, the dose that moved the trials was 3 to 4.6 oz (86 to 130 g) of cooked pulses a day, most days, for at least six weeks. In the bean subgroup the effect grew with the dose up to a cup a day, 0.25 mmol/L of LDL for every extra half cup. Nobody has checked whether lima beans in particular do that. On blood sugar there are two different questions, and they get two different answers. After a single meal, pulses gave a lower glucose rise than bread or rice in 28 of 40 studies and lower insulin in 16 of 24, and hunger fell in 3 of the 5 that measured it. Over the long run, the EU register refused the claim that low-GI foods such as legumes keep blood sugar, triglycerides and body weight normal. The meal studies measure hours. The claim was about years, and the register did not take the one as proof of the other. Iron is where the bean disappoints on paper, and once more the bean measured was a common bean rather than a lima. Young women absorbed 2.5 percent of the iron in whole bean porridge, and women in Rwanda with low iron stores absorbed 9.2 percent. Stripping out both phytate and polyphenols raised absorption 2.6-fold, and removing more than 95 percent of the phytate put 51 percent more iron into the blood. That was done with enzymes in a laboratory. For an ordinary pot, USDA retention factors for legumes as a group, not lima beans, say that boiling for 45 to 75 minutes and draining keeps about 70% of the potassium, 45% of the folate and 80% of the iron. Keeping the cooking water keeps a little more. Nobody measured what a pot does to the phytate in a lima bean. Our own table shows the cooked large bean at 508 mg of potassium per 3.5 oz (100 g) against 1724 mg dry, roughly a third. The table cannot tell you how much of that is water taken on and how much went down the drain with the cooking water. The WHO figure of about 1300 mg per 3.5 oz (100 g) for the beans and peas group sits between the two. In pregnancy, a Tehran cohort of 1026 women found that eating legumes at least 3.3 times a week before conceiving went with an odds ratio of 0.38 for gestational diabetes, while green lima beans were filed under starchy vegetables and showed no association at all. That is one observational study, and it cannot say the beans caused anything. The phthalate entry under safety is an odd one, and we report it as it stands. In 2369 American children and teenagers, a pattern of restaurant-prepared starchy vegetables such as plantains and lima beans, quick breads and citrus juice went with 37.2 percent higher urinary phthalate metabolite per standard deviation. The pattern is restaurant food, and the study cannot separate the bean from the kitchen it came out of. Who should be careful with lima beans. For cyanide, the benchmark is EFSA's acute reference dose of 20 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. EFSA keeps it for any food, and says it is likely over-conservative for foods other than raw apricot kernels, bitter almonds and cassava, because less cyanide is absorbed from them. In some child surveys that dose was exceeded up to 2.5-fold at the 95th percentile of intake, counting every such food together. By our own arithmetic, not EFSA's, a 154 lb (70 kg) adult reaches it at about 1.4 mg of cyanide, which raw seed at the older table values would supply in roughly 3 to 10 g. Those are raw figures. Cooked beans were not measured, which is why the cooking step matters and why we cannot say how much an open-pan boil removes. For potassium, NIH sets no upper limit in people with healthy kidneys. In chronic kidney disease, or with ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, it warns that even dietary intakes below the adequate intake can cause high blood potassium, and says people at risk should agree their intake with a doctor or dietitian. NIH also lists angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan among drugs that can cause high blood potassium. The cooked large bean carries 508 mg of potassium per 3.5 oz (100 g). On allergy, a 2024 review reports positive skin tests to lima beans in 3.4% of asthma and rhinitis patients in a Delhi survey, mostly through cross-reactivity with other legumes, and one case of occupational asthma in a worker boiling and drying lima beans. No lima bean allergen has been identified, and a positive skin test is not proven food allergy. We found no study of lima beans taken with any medicine, and we hold no upper daily amount for cooked lima beans.

Sources

1. hf2-lim-1 · EFSA scientific opinion
   Total cyanide contents in food commodities containing cyanogenic glycosides ... HCN concentration (mg/kg) ... Garden bean Seed 20 ... Lima bean Seed 144–167 ... Seed 265‐530 ... Pea Seed 20 ... Fresh weight until otherwise stated.
   EFSA CONTAM Panel, Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels, EFSA Journal 2019;17(4):5662 · checked 2026-10-08
2. hf2-lim-2 · EFSA scientific opinion
   No of samples containing HCN/No of samples taken HCN concentration (mg/kg) ... Lima beans, raw 1/3 32 4 ... Concentrations refer to fresh weight.
   EFSA CONTAM Panel, Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels, EFSA Journal 2019;17(4):5662 · checked 2026-10-08
3. lim-c2-12 · guideline
   Food group Beans and peas Approximate potassium content, (mg/100g fresh weight) 1300 Examples Cowpeas, pigeon peas, lima beans, African yam beans
   WHO Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children, 2012, Annex 2 · checked 2026-09-23
4. lim-c2-01 · meta-analysis
   Thirty-eight trials (52 trial comparisons, n=2095) with a median of 6 weeks and dose of 130 g/d (0.5-0.67 cup/d) showed that whole dietary pulses decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mean difference, -0.14 mmol/L [95% CI, -0.19 to -0.08])...A linear inverse relationship was shown for beans up to 1 cup/d for low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (coefficient, -0.25 mmol/L/0.5 cup [95% CI, -0.48 to -0.02])
   J Am Heart Assoc, 2026 · checked 2026-09-23
5. lim-c2-10 · cross-sectional
   Average intake of K was 2,364 mg, or about half of the recommended 4,700 mg. Mean DF intake, 15.4 g, was about 60% of the recommended 25 g...Government-sponsored food assistance programs should consider policies that encourage WCBA to consume more vegetables, including starchy vegetables, such as WP and lima beans that are rich in K and an important source of DF.
   J Nutr Educ Behav, 2016 · checked 2026-09-23
6. lim-c2-04 · in vitro
   The highest Fe availability among legumes was for lima beans (9.5 (sem 0.1)) while for Zn and Ca, the highest availability was for kidney beans (49.3 (sem 4.5)) and pigeon peas (75.1 (sem 7.1)), respectively.
   Br J Nutr, 2010 · checked 2026-09-23
7. lim-c2-06 · RCT
   The in vivo glycemic and insulin responses and in vitro starch digestibility were determined for six staple foods (corn, lima beans, white and yellow teparies, mesquite, and acorns) traditionally consumed by Pima Indians. Equivalent carbohydrate portions (25 g) of the foods were fed to eight healthy Caucasian volunteers. The calculated glycemic indices (GIs) (mean +/- SEM with glucose as the standard) were all low, ranging from 16 +/- 2 for acorns to 40 +/- 5 for corn.
   Am J Clin Nutr, 1990 · checked 2026-09-23
8. lim-c2-07 · RCT
   Iron absorption was lowered by 14% with 50 mg PP (P < 0.05) and by 45% with 200 mg PP (P < 0.001). The mean iron absorption from whole bean porridge was 2.5%. PP and PA removal increased absorption 2.6-fold (P < 0.001) and removal of PP from dephytinized porridge doubled absorption (P < 0.001).
   J Nutr, 2010 · checked 2026-09-23
9. hf2-lim-3 · EFSA scientific opinion
   some cultivars have high levels of CNGs, in particular linamarin ... While soaking caused only a moderate decline of cyanogens (30% reduction after 9 h), a more rapid decline was achieved by autoclaving and by toasting, leading to a non‐detectable level after 20 min with both methods.
   EFSA CONTAM Panel, Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels, EFSA Journal 2019;17(4):5662 · checked 2026-10-08
10. hf2-lim-8 · nutrient retention dataset
    USDA-RETN-R6:521 LEGUMES,CKD 45/75MIN,BOILED,DRND: potassium_mg 70%, folate_total_ug 45%, iron_mg 80%, magnesium_mg 75%, thiamin_mg 60% retained; USDA-RETN-R6:522 LEGUMES,CKD 45/75MIN,BLD,WATER USED: potassium_mg 75%, folate_total_ug 50%, iron_mg 85%, magnesium_mg 80%; USDA-RETN-R6:541 LEGUMES,CKD 2/2.5HRS,BOILED,DRAINED: potassium_mg 65%, folate_total_ug 30%, iron_mg 75%; USDA-RETN-R6:542 LEGUMES,CKD 2/2.5HRS,BLD,WATER USED: potassium_mg 70%, folate_total_ug 35%, iron_mg 80%
    USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6, 2007, Retn_Codes 521, 522, 541, 542 · checked 2026-10-08
11. lim-c2-08 · RCT
    With native PA concentrations, fractional iron absorption from the control bean meals was 9.2%, 30% higher than that from the biofortified bean meals (P < 0.001)...With ∼50% and >95% dephytinization, the quantity of iron absorbed from the biofortified bean meals increased to 599 and 746 μg, respectively, which was 37% (P < 0.005) and 51% (P < 0.0001) higher than from the control bean meals.
    J Nutr, 2014 · checked 2026-09-23
12. lim-c2-02 · meta-analysis
    We identified 30 papers of 24 trials with 33 eligible comparisons where legumes (daily average 86 g (range 2-251)) were provided to 1,938 participants...There was moderate certainty evidence that higher legume intakes improved total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.23mmol/L, 95%CI -0.33 to -0.13), LDL cholesterol (MD -0.16mmol/L (-0.24 to -0.08)), and fasting blood glucose (MD -0.18mmol/L (-0.30 to -0.06)).
    Eur J Nutr, 2024 · checked 2026-09-23
13. lim-c2-05 · RCT
    Legumes are low-GI foods ( < 55), ranging from 6 (chickpeas) to 13 (mung beans). Kidney beans showed significant reductions for both total (6 %) and LDL-cholesterol (9 %), and groundnuts for total cholesterol (7 %; P < 0.05).
    Br J Nutr, 2010 · checked 2026-09-23
14. hf2-lim-5 · narrative review
    Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) induce positive skin test reactions in patients with other legume allergies but with a low percentage (3.4%) as shown by a survey for asthma and rhinitis patients in Delhi ... which mostly correlates to cross-reactivity with other legumes ... a rare case related to occupational asthma from inhaling lima bean vapors was reported in 2012, whereby a new worker in a food factory (a 41-year-old male) developed asthma-like symptoms after 4 months of working on boiling, mincing, and drying large amounts of lima beans
    Legume Allergens Pea, Chickpea, Lentil, Lupine and Beyond, Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 2024 · checked 2026-10-08
15. hf2-lim-7 · agency advice
    ACE inhibitors, such as benazepril (Lotensin), and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan (Cozaar), are used to treat hypertension and heart failure, ... These medications reduce urinary potassium excretion, which can lead to hyperkalemia. ... Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as amiloride (Midamor) and spironolactone (Aldactone), reduce the excretion of potassium in the urine and can cause hyperkalemia [77,78].
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-08
16. lim-c2-11 · cross-sectional
    We identified eight dietary patterns that cumulatively explained 12.1% of variation in urinary phthalate metabolites, including a dietary pattern characterized by certain starchy vegetables (e.g., plantains and lima beans), quick breads, and citrus juice prepared at a restaurant. A one SD increase in this food pattern score was associated with a 37.2% higher monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) concentration (95% CI: 30.3, 44.4).
    Environ Res, 2022 · checked 2026-09-23
17. lim-c2-03 · systematic review
    Most of the articles in this review reported that non-oil-seed pulses cause lower glucose (28 of 40 studies) and insulin (16 of 24 studies) responses than other starchy foods in the control groups (mainly wheat-flour-based products or white rice).
    Nutr Rev, 2026 · checked 2026-09-23
18. lim-c2-13 · register
    POL-HC-6868 Carbohydrate sources with low glycaemic index (GI <55), e.g. legumes, vegetables, whole grain cereals Consumption of low GI (low glycaemic index) foods with in the healthy diet (low glycaemic load - GL) can contribute to the maintenance of the normal blood sugar level, blood lipid level (triglyceride) and body mass. Non-authorised
    EU Register on nutrition and health claims, claim POL-HC-6868, snapshot 2026-09-21 · checked 2026-09-23
19. hf2-lim-6 · agency advice
    In healthy people with normal kidney function, high dietary potassium intakes do not pose a health risk because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts in the urine [1]. ... However, in people with impaired urinary potassium excretion due to chronic kidney disease or the use of certain medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, even dietary potassium intakes below the AI can cause hyperkalemia [11]. ... Individuals at risk of hyperkalemia should consult a physician or registered dietitian about appropriate potassium intakes from all sources.
    NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, Potassium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals · checked 2026-10-08
20. lim-c2-09 · cohort
    For legumes, higher consumption was negatively associated with GDM; OR for those who consumed ≥3.3 servings/week was 0.38 (95% CI 0.19-0.74), also an association that did not change appreciably after adjustment for confounding factors. There was no significant association with the consumption of total starchy or other starchy vegetables with GDM.
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2018 · checked 2026-09-23
21. hf2-lim-4 · EFSA scientific opinion
    present in numerous plants that are consumed as food such as almonds, linseed, lima beans and cassava. ... The CONTAM Panel concluded that there are no data indicating that the acute reference dose (ARfD) for cyanide of 20 μg/kg bw, established in 2016, should be revised and that it is applicable for acute effects of cyanide regardless of the dietary source. For exposure to cyanide from foods other than raw apricot kernels, bitter almonds and cassava roots, this ARfD is likely to be over‐conservative because of the lower bioavailability of cyanide from these foods
    EFSA CONTAM Panel, Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels, EFSA Journal 2019;17(4):5662 · checked 2026-10-08
22. lim-c2-14 · risk assessment
    In 2016, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) published a scientific opinion on the acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) in raw apricot kernels in which an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 20 μg/kg body weight (bw) was established for cyanide (CN).
    EFSA Journal, 2019, Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels · checked 2026-09-23