Aspartame: no blood sugar effect in trials, still argued over for cancer

A meta-analysis of twelve randomized trials in adults found aspartame left fasting blood glucose where it was: -0.54 mg/dL (-0.03 mmol/L) against control, with a 95% confidence interval of -0.21 to 0.14. Its searches stopped in April 2016 and the pooled set was small. In a randomized trial on 100 lean, healthy adults, 350 or 1050 mg a day for 12 weeks had no effect on glycemia, appetite or body weight. A 2025 meta-analysis of 100 experiments reached the same place, little to no effect on glucose metabolism, and its authors judged the certainty of that evidence very low. Cancer is where the answer is unclear, and the reason is how it was measured. The cancer evidence is observational, and in a 2025 review of 90 studies intake was always self-reported. That review found no consistent link with any cancer. An earlier pooled analysis of 25 studies found no link for sweeteners overall and a significant signal in an aspartame subgroup. People with phenylketonuria are the clear exception: a review building a food pyramid for adults with PKU puts aspartame in the banned category.

How much is actually in it

• One 12-oz can of diet cola in this study supplied 184 mg of aspartame, of which 104 mg was phenylalanine. — normal subjects drinking one 12-oz can (n = 6) Evidence C source
  184 mg aspartame per can, 104 mg phenylalanine

What a real portion looks like

• US intake of aspartame, even at the 95th percentile, is below the acceptable daily intake of 50 mg/kg, and 62.6% of the population consumes it. — US population, NHANES with purchase data Evidence E source
  Mean, P90, P95 below 50 mg/kg/day; prevalence 62.6%
• In USDA survey portion data, one packet of aspartame powder sweetener weighs 1 g and one teaspoon 4 g. — — Evidence C source
  1 individual packet = 1 g; 1 teaspoon = 4 g
• In the ROLO trial of 571 pregnant women in Ireland, one third ate or drank low-calorie sweeteners in each trimester. — pregnant women randomized to low-GI dietary advice or usual antenatal care; 3-day food diary each trimester (n = 571) Evidence B source
  About one third consumers each trimester; more consumers in trimester 2 in the intervention group (p < 0.001); main sources low-calorie fruit drinks, diet cola, low-calorie yogurts

What your body absorbs

• In a crossover RCT on 8 adults, each 12-oz aspartame-sweetened drink raised plasma phenylalanine by 1.64 to 2.05 umol/dL within 30 to 45 minutes, without exceeding normal after-meal values. — normal adults, three 12-oz servings at two-hour intervals (n = 8) Evidence B source
  Phenylalanine +1.64 to 2.05 umol/dL above baseline 5.09 umol/dL; aspartate unchanged
• In a controlled trial on 12 adults, taking sucrose together with aspartame changed its breakdown into phenylalanine only slightly. — normal adults, beverage with 0.136 mmol aspartame/kg on 2 days (n = 12) Evidence C source
  Phe peak 158 vs 134 umol/L, AUC 197 vs 182 umol.L-1.h, not significant

What it does to your health

• A meta-analysis of randomized trials in adults found aspartame did not change fasting blood glucose versus control (-0.54 mg/dL (-0.03 mmol/L)) or versus sucrose (5.6 mg/dL (0.31 mmol/L)). — adults, twelve randomized trials with numeric results pooled (n = 12 trials) Evidence A source
  Glucose vs control -0.54 mg/dL (95% CI -3.8 to 2.5; metric: -0.03 mmol/L, -0.21 to 0.14); vs sucrose 5.6 mg/dL (95% CI -0.9 to 12; metric: 0.31 mmol/L, -0.05 to 0.67)
• In an RCT on 100 lean adults, 350 or 1050 mg of aspartame a day for 12 weeks had no effect on glycemia, appetite or body weight. — lean adults aged 18-60 y, BMI 18-25 (n = 100) Evidence B source
  No group differences in glucose, insulin, appetite, body weight at 12 wk
• A network meta-analysis of 36 acute trials found drinks sweetened with non-nutritive sweeteners, aspartame included, had no effect on 2-hour glucose or insulin responses, similar to water. — predominantly healthy participants in acute single-exposure trials (n = 472) Evidence B source
  No postprandial glucose or endocrine effect vs water (low to moderate confidence)
• In a crossover RCT on 17 healthy adults, 0.425 g of aspartame a day for 14 days had minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or fecal short-chain fatty acid production. — healthy adults aged 18-45 y, BMI 20-25 (n = 17) Evidence B source
  No differences in abundant taxa or fecal SCFAs; PERMANOVA p = 0.99 (full text)
• Observational data from 25 studies show no apparent association of artificial sweeteners overall with cancer incidence or mortality, with significant results in an aspartame subgroup. — prospective observational studies (n = 3,739,775) Evidence C source
  No association overall; Europe HR/RR 1.07 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.12); aspartame subgroup significant
• In the Danish National Birth Cohort of 59,334 pregnant women, drinking at least one artificially sweetened soda a day was linked to 38 percent higher odds of preterm delivery. — pregnant women, Danish National Birth Cohort 1996-2002; intake by FFQ in midpregnancy (n = 59334) Evidence C source
  >=1 serving/d artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks: adjusted OR 1.38 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.65); >=4 servings/d: OR 1.78 (1.19 to 2.66)
• In the Danish National Birth Cohort, children of mothers who drank at least one artificially sweetened drink a day in pregnancy had 26 percent higher odds of overweight at 18 years. — Danish National Birth Cohort, 72,821 women with pregnancy FFQ; offspring followed to 18 years (n = 72821) Evidence C source
  >=1 ASB/d vs none: overweight at 18 y adjusted OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.42)
• In the US Project Viva cohort of 1,683 children, the highest maternal intake of non-nutritive sweeteners in pregnancy was linked to a higher child BMI z-score from infancy through mid-childhood. — mother-child pairs, Project Viva, Massachusetts 1999-2002; NNS intake in 1st and 2nd trimesters (n = 1683) Evidence C source
  Q4 vs Q1: BMI z +0.20 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.38) in infancy; +0.21 (0.02 to 0.40) mid-childhood; +0.14 (-0.07 to 0.35) early adolescence

Safety, limits and interactions

• In a 24-week RCT on 108 adults, 75 mg/kg of aspartame a day caused no persistent changes in laboratory tests, blood methanol or formate. — male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years, 24 weeks (n = 108) Evidence B source
  No persistent changes vs placebo; no difference in symptoms
• In a survey of 206 PKU patients and carers, 74% had consumed food or drinks containing aspartame by accident, more often children. — adults with PKU and parents or carers of children with PKU, online survey (n = 206) Evidence C source
  74% (152/206) accidental consumption; more frequent in children (p < 0.0001)
• A systematic review building a food pyramid for adults with PKU lists aspartame among foods banned from the diet. — adult patients with phenylketonuria Evidence C source
  Aspartame placed in the banned category
• WHO experts kept the aspartame acceptable daily intake at 0-40 mg/kg in 2023, about 9 to 14 cans of diet soft drink a day for a 154 lb (70 kg) adult, while IARC rated it possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B). — general population Evidence E source
  ADI 0-40 mg/kg body weight; IARC Group 2B
• In a 24-week randomized placebo-controlled trial of 108 adults, 75 mg/kg of aspartame a day caused no persistent changes in laboratory tests, blood phenylalanine, methanol or formate. — male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years, 24 weeks (n = 108) Evidence B source
  No persistent changes vs placebo in laboratory tests, phenylalanine, methanol or formate
• In the Maternal PKU Study of 382 women with high blood phenylalanine and 572 pregnancies, the best birth outcomes came when blood phenylalanine was kept at 120 to 360 micromol/L by 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy. — women with hyperphenylalaninemia (PKU) on a phenylalanine-restricted diet, 1984-2002 (n = 382 women, 572 pregnancies) Evidence C source
  Optimal outcomes with maternal Phe 120-360 micromol/L achieved by 8-10 weeks and maintained

What people believe that the data does not support

• The EU did not authorize the claim that replacing sugar with aspartame helps weight control. — — Evidence E source
  Claim status: non-authorized
• According to the European Food Safety Authority, phenylalanine from aspartame at the acceptable daily intake poses no risk to the developing fetus, except in women with PKU. — pregnant women Evidence E source
  No fetal risk at ADI 40 mg/kg bw/day; exception: women with phenylketonuria
• According to the WHO 2023 guideline, non-sugar sweeteners such as aspartame should not be used to control body weight, and the advice applies to everyone except people with pre-existing diabetes. — all people except individuals with pre-existing diabetes Evidence E source
  Recommends against NSS for weight control or NCD risk reduction (conditional)

Who this works differently for

• In five people with PKU, one can of diet cola raised plasma phenylalanine by 0.26 to 1.77 mg/dL two to three hours later. — homozygous PKU subjects aged 11 to 23 years (n = 5) Evidence C source
  Phe +0.26 to 1.77 mg/dL from baseline 5.04 to 17.2 mg/dL
• In the Canadian CHILD cohort of 3,033 mothers and infants, daily artificially sweetened drinks in pregnancy were linked to about twice the odds of infant overweight at 1 year. — mother-infant dyads, CHILD Study 2009-2012; maternal FFQ in pregnancy; infant BMI at 1 year (n = 3033) Evidence C source
  Daily ASB vs none: infant BMI z +0.20 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.38); overweight adjusted OR 2.19 (1.23 to 3.88)
• Among 918 Danish women with gestational diabetes, daily artificially sweetened drinks in pregnancy were linked to a higher risk of large-for-gestational-age babies and of overweight at age 7. — women with gestational diabetes and their singleton children, Danish National Birth Cohort (n = 918 dyads) Evidence C source
  Daily ASB vs never: LGA aRR 1.57 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.35); overweight/obesity at 7 y aRR 1.93 (1.24 to 3.01)

What is still unknown

• A 2025 systematic review of 90 epidemiology studies found no consistent link between aspartame or other sweeteners and any cancer, and intake was always self-reported. — epidemiology studies of non-sugar sweeteners and 17 cancer types (n = 90 studies) Evidence C source
  No consistent associations, no dose-response
• A 2025 meta-analysis of 100 aspartame experiments found little to no effect on glucose metabolism, but the certainty of evidence was very low. — healthy adults, people with aspartame sensitivity and with compromised glucose metabolism (n = 100 experiments) Evidence B source
  Little to no effect on glucose and insulin; GRADE very low
• A 2019 systematic review with meta-analyses of 56 studies in healthy adults and children found no differences for most health outcomes between people who used non-sugar sweeteners and those who did not. — generally healthy or overweight/obese adults and children; NSS within the acceptable daily intake for at least 7 days (n = 56 studies (35 observational)) Evidence A source
  Most outcomes no difference between NSS exposed and unexposed; very low to moderate certainty
• A Norwegian cohort of 60,761 pregnant women found only a small link between more than one artificially sweetened drink a day and preterm delivery. — pregnant women, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study; FFQ in midpregnancy (n = 60761) Evidence C source
  AS beverages >1 serving/d: adjusted OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.24); SS beverages >1 serving/d: OR 1.25 (1.08 to 1.45)
• A 2020 systematic review of 21 cohort studies found mixed and null results for artificially sweetened drinks in pregnancy and child body size from 6 months to 18 years. — prospective cohorts of healthy pregnancy and offspring body size 6 months to 18 years (n = 21 studies) Evidence C source
  Mixed and null findings for artificially sweetened beverages
• In a Chilean cohort of 1,472 pregnant women, any non-nutritive sweetener use, mostly sucralose, was linked to 58 percent higher odds of gestational diabetes. — pregnant women in primary care, Puente Alto, Chile (CHiMINCs-II); 24-h recalls (n = 1472) Evidence C source
  Any NNS: OR 1.58 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.26); sucralose OR 1.44 (1.06 to 1.95)

The bottom line

One 12-oz can of diet cola in a 1992 study supplied 184 mg of aspartame, 104 mg of it phenylalanine, figures for one brand and that year's formulation. A packet of powdered sweetener weighs 1 g in USDA portion data. A US exposure model built on purchases and dietary recalls put mean, 90th and 95th percentile intake below the 50 mg/kg daily limit it used, with 62.6% of people consuming aspartame. WHO experts kept the acceptable daily intake at 0 to 40 mg/kg in 2023. By their estimate a 154 lb (70 kg) adult would need more than 9 to 14 cans a day to pass it. The same year IARC classed aspartame as possibly carcinogenic, Group 2B, on limited evidence for liver cancer. In a 24-week randomized trial on 108 adults aged 18 to 62, 75 mg/kg a day given as capsules caused no persistent changes in standard lab tests, blood methanol or formate. The EU refused the claim that swapping sugar for aspartame helps weight control, and the register entry does not give the reason. Other effects were tested in short trials. In a crossover trial on 17 healthy adults, 0.425 g a day for 14 days had minimal effect on gut bacteria or the short-chain fatty acids they make. Across 36 acute trials in 472 mostly healthy people, drinks with non-nutritive sweeteners, aspartame among them, behaved like water for glucose and insulin over two hours. Confidence there was low to moderate, and some of those trials were not randomized. In eight healthy adults, each 12-oz aspartame drink raised plasma phenylalanine by 1.64 to 2.05 umol/dL within 30 to 45 minutes, and levels never went past normal after-meal values. The caution that matters is phenylketonuria. A systematic review building a food pyramid for adults with PKU puts aspartame in the banned category. In five people with PKU aged 11 to 23, one can of diet cola raised plasma phenylalanine by 0.26 to 1.77 mg/dL two to three hours later, a rise the authors judged not clinically significant for a single can. In a UK-centered online survey of 206 patients and carers, 74% had consumed aspartame by accident, more often children. We found no trial of aspartame in pregnancy or in children, although the US exposure model says both groups consume it.

Sources

1. aspm-daily-r8-08 · controlled trial
   Six normal subjects each ingested a single 12-oz can of a diet cola (Diet Coke) providing 184 mg aspartame (APM), of which 104 mg is phenylalanine (Phe), and, on another occasion, a single 12-oz can of regular cola (Coke Classic).
   Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1992 · checked 2026-09-29
2. aspm-daily-r8-14 · exposure assessment
   Mean, 90th percentile, and 95th percentile aspartame intake estimates are below the acceptable daily intake (50 mg/kg/day) and are lower than estimates from previous decades. ... Aspartame exposure is highly prevalent (62.6%) in the US including sensitive populations such as pregnant women and children.
   J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
3. aspm-daily-r8-16 · dataset
   1 individual packet: 1 g; 1 teaspoon: 4 g
   USDA FNDDS 2021-2023, food code 91201010 (fdc_id 2710271), Sugar substitute, aspartame, powder · checked 2026-09-29
4. ev-aspg-03 · RCT
   One-third of all pregnant women consumed LCS across each trimester of pregnancy.
   Eur J Clin Nutr, 2022 · checked 2026-10-07
5. aspm-daily-r8-06 · RCT (crossover)
   Eight normal adults (four male, four female) ingested three successive 12-oz servings of APM-sweetened beverage at two-hour intervals. ... APM addition did increase plasma phenylalanine levels 1.64 to 2.05 mumol/dL above baseline values (5.09 +/- 0.82 mumol/dL) 30 to 45 minutes after each dose. However, plasma phenylalanine levels did not exceed normal postprandial values at any time.
   Metabolism, 1988 · checked 2026-09-29
6. aspm-daily-r8-07 · controlled trial
   Twelve normal adult subjects ingested a beverage providing 0.136 mmol aspartame/kg body wt on 2 different days. ... The simultaneous ingestion of sucrose with aspartame had only minor effects on aspartame's metabolic disposition.
   Am J Clin Nutr, 1990 · checked 2026-09-29
7. aspm-daily-r8-01 · meta-analysis of RCTs
   Twenty-nine articles were included in qualitative synthesis and twelve, presenting numeric results, were used in meta-analysis. ... Aspartame consumption was not associated with alterations on blood glucose levels compared to control (-0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.14) or to sucrose (0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.67)
   Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
8. aspm-daily-r8-02 · RCT
   One hundred lean [body mass index (kg/m2): 18-25] adults aged 18-60 y were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/d (ASP groups) in a beverage for 12 wk in a parallel-arm design. ... Aspartame ingested at 2 doses for 12 wk had no effect on glycemia, appetite, or body weight among healthy, lean adults.
   J Nutr, 2018 · checked 2026-09-29
9. aspm-daily-r8-03 · network meta-analysis
   Thirty-six trials involving 472 predominantly healthy participants were included. ... In uncoupling interventions, NNS beverages (single or blends) had no effect on postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and glucagon responses similar to water controls (generally, low to moderate confidence)
   Nutrients, 2023 · checked 2026-09-29
10. aspm-daily-r8-04 · RCT (crossover)
    Seventeen healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of 20-25 were selected. ... The sweeteners consumed by each participant consisted of a standardized dose of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose. ... These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose in doses reflective of typical high consumption have minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or SCFA production.
    Nutrients, 2020 · checked 2026-09-29
11. aspm-daily-r8-12 · meta-analysis of cohorts
    A total of 25 observational studies were included with a total of 3,739,775 subjects. The intake of artificial sweeteners had no apparent association with overall cancer incidence and mortality. ... Significant results were also observed in subgroups with aspartame and a mixed intake of artificial sweeteners.
    Nutrients, 2022 · checked 2026-09-29
12. ev-aspg-04 · prospective cohort
    In comparison with women with no intake of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks, the adjusted odds ratio for women who consumed ge 1 serving of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks/d was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.65).
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2010 · checked 2026-10-07
13. ev-aspg-08 · prospective cohort
    We found increased odds of overweight in 7-, 11-, 14- and 18-year-old offspring whose mothers reported drinking ≥ 1 artificially sweetened beverage daily during pregnancy compared with no consumption (18 years: adjusted OR 1·26 (95 % CI 1·12, 1·42)).
    Br J Nutr, 2025 · checked 2026-10-07
14. ev-aspg-09 · prospective cohort
    The highest quartile of NNS intake (Q4: 0.98 ± 0.91 servings/day) was associated with higher BMI z-score in infancy (β 0.20 units; 95% CI 0.02, 0.38), early childhood (0.21; 0.05, 0.37), mid-childhood (0.21; 0.02, 0.40), and early adolescence (0.14; -0.07, 0.35) compared with Q1 intake (Q1: 0.00 ± 0.00 servings/day).
    Int J Obes (Lond), 2022 · checked 2026-10-07
15. aspm-daily-r8-05 · RCT
    Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years. ... No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs; body weight; results of standard laboratory tests; fasting blood levels of aspartame's constituent amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine), other amino acids, and methanol; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate.
    Arch Intern Med, 1989 · checked 2026-09-29
16. aspm-daily-r8-10 · cross-sectional
    206 questionnaires (58% female) were completed. ... 74% (n = 152/206) had consumed food/drinks containing aspartame. Repeated accidental aspartame consumption was common and more frequent in children (p < 0.0001).
    Nutrients, 2021 · checked 2026-09-29
17. aspm-daily-r8-11 · systematic review
    the one red indicates foods that are banned from diet (aspartame and protein foods exceeding individual dietary phenylalanine tolerance).
    Clin Nutr, 2023 · checked 2026-09-29
18. aspm-daily-r8-17 · agency statement
    IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) ... with a can of diet soft drink containing 200 or 300 mg of aspartame, an adult weighing 70kg would need to consume more than 9–14 cans per day to exceed the acceptable daily intake
    WHO, Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released, 2023 · checked 2026-09-29
19. ev-aspg-02 · RCT
    Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years. ... No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs; body weight; results of standard laboratory tests; fasting blood levels of aspartame's constituent amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine), other amino acids, and methanol; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate.
    Arch Intern Med, 1989 · checked 2026-10-07
20. ev-aspg-12 · clinical study
    Optimal birth outcomes occurred when maternal blood Phe levels between 120 and 360 micromol/L were achieved by 8 to 10 weeks of gestation and maintained throughout pregnancy (trimester averages of 600 micromol/L).
    Pediatrics, 2003 · checked 2026-10-07
21. aspm-daily-r8-15 · EU claim register
    POL-HC-6653 Aspartame sucrose substitute Weight control /management is helped by using foods and beverages sweetened with Aspartame in place of foods and beverages sweetened with sugar. Non-authorised
    EU Register on nutrition and health claims, claim POL-HC-6653, snapshot 2026-09-21 · checked 2026-09-29
22. ev-aspg-13 · agency position
    With respect to pregnancy, the Panel noted that there was no risk to the developing foetus from exposure to phenylalanine derived from aspartame at the current ADI (with the exception of women suffering from PKU).
    EFSA, full risk assessment of aspartame, press release 10 December 2013 · checked 2026-10-07
23. ev-aspg-14 · agency position
    The recommendation applies to all people except individuals with pre-existing diabetes and includes all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners that are not classified as sugars found in manufactured foods and beverages, or sold on their own to be added to foods and beverages by consumers.
    WHO, WHO advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in newly released guideline, 15 May 2023 · checked 2026-10-07
24. aspm-daily-r8-09 · controlled trial
    In these five subjects (three with classic PKU and two with hyperphenylalinemia), the increase in plasma Phe concentrations varied from 0.26 mg/dL to 1.77 mg/dL two or three hours after ingestion (baseline levels, 5.04 to 17.2 mg/dL).
    Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1992 · checked 2026-09-29
25. ev-aspg-06 · prospective cohort
    Compared with no consumption, daily consumption of artificially sweetened beverages was associated with a 0.20-unit increase in infant BMI z score (adjusted 95% CI, 0.02-0.38) and a 2-fold higher risk of infant overweight at 1 year of age (adjusted odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.23-3.88).
    JAMA Pediatr, 2016 · checked 2026-10-07
26. ev-aspg-07 · prospective cohort
    Compared to never consumption, daily ASB intake during pregnancy was positively associated with offspring large-for-gestational age [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.57; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.35 at birth], BMIZ (adjusted β 0.59; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96) and overweight/obesity (aRR 1.93; 95% CI; 1.24, 3.01) at 7 years.
    Int J Epidemiol, 2017 · checked 2026-10-07
27. aspm-daily-r8-13 · systematic review
    We found no consistent associations between any NSS or NSSs in aggregate and any cancer overall, and no evidence for dose-response. NSS intake information was always self-reported, rendering exposure misclassification an ongoing challenge in all studies, and recall bias remains a significant possibility in all case-control studies.
    Adv Nutr, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
28. aspm-daily-r8-18 · meta-analysis
    The certainty of the evidence for all outcomes in all populations was judged to be "very low." Our findings suggest little to no effects of aspartame consumption on glucose metabolism over the short term or the long term.
    Advances in Nutrition, 2025 · checked 2026-09-29
29. ev-aspg-01 · meta-analysis
    Most health outcomes did not seem to have differences between the NSS exposed and unexposed groups.
    BMJ, 2019 · checked 2026-10-07
30. ev-aspg-05 · prospective cohort
    A high intake of AS beverages was associated with preterm delivery; the adjusted OR for those drinking >1 serving/d was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.24).
    Am J Clin Nutr, 2012 · checked 2026-10-07
31. ev-aspg-10 · systematic review
    Mixed and null findings were observed for the relationship between total carbohydrates, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, sugar-sweetened beverages, and artificially sweetened beverages and offspring body size.
    Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2020 · checked 2026-10-07
32. ev-aspg-11 · prospective cohort
    The adjusted model showed a significant association between the consumption of any NNS and sucralose and the risk of GDM (OR for any NNS = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.10-2.26; P = 0.014; OR sucralose = 1.44; 95% CI 1.06-1.95; P = 0.020).
    Nutrition, 2024 · checked 2026-10-07